Seedless Vascular plants

What are the characteristics of seedless Vascular plants?

Possession of the vascular tissue

Exhibit alternation of heteromorphic generations

The sporophyte is large and complex and is nutritionally independent phase

Produce Lignin and vascular tissue

What is the Stele and the three basic arrangements of Stele?

~Primarily vascular tissue and pith make up the central cylinder of the stem and root.

Protestele, Siphonostele , and Eustele

What arrangement is the Protostele?

Solid core of Vascular tissue, Simplest and most ancient type of stele

What is the arrangement of the Siphonostele?

Pith surrounded by a vascular tissue that contains leaf gaps or no leaf gaps that show leaf traces (shown in ferns)

What’s the basic arrangement of the Eustele?

System of strands surrounding a pith: the strands are separated from one another by ground tissue.

What are Tracheary elements?

The conducting cells of the xylem , they have distinctive, ligininfied wall thicking.

What are sieve elements?

The conducting cells of the phloem, have soft walls and often collapse after they die

What are Tracheids?

The only type of water conducting cell in most vascular plants other than angiosperms

More primitive than the vessel elements.

What are microphylls?

Are relatively small leaves that contain only one single strand of vascular tissue “small leaf”

Associated with protosteles And found in lycophytes: club mosses and the resurrection plant

1. Have superficial lateral outgrowth of the stem (theory that they were spinelike outgrowths devoid of vascular tissue

What are megaphylls?

They are associated with stems that have either siponosteles or eusteles (leaf gaps or traces

Leaves with complex vexation, enveloped from branched system (branching veins)

What is the reproductive system in vascular plants?

Oogamous, have large nonmotile egg and small sperm that swim to the egg. They also have alternation of Heteromorphic generations

In vascular plants gametophyte is…?

Much reduced in size and less complex than the sporophyte

There are two types of spore produced by meiosis in vascular plants what are they?

Homosporous and Heterosporous

What is a spore that is homosporous?

One type of spore, which gives rise to the bisexual gametophyte. (Produces both male and female gametes

Found in almost all ferns, horsetails

What does it mean when a vascular plant is heterosporous?

Production of two types of spores in two different kinds of sporangia

Found in some of the lycophytes

Produce two types of spores which are micro spores and mega spores that give rise to male and female gamtophytes.

What are the major groups of seedless vascular plants?

Early vascular plants characterized by small stature and simple primitive morphology. Rhyniphytes and zosterophyllophytes and trimerophytes

Monilophytes, lycophytes and progymnosperms, dominat from late Devonian period

Seed plants: late Devonian period, Gymnosperms dominanted

Flowering Plants

What are the Characteristics of Rhyniophyte

425 Mya

Simple dichotomousy branched (lateral branching) axes,lacking roots and leaves. Conducting cells are similar to bryophytes

Branched axis with multiple sporangia

What is the 4 Phyla of Living Seedless Vascular Plants?

Lycophyta-club mosses lycopodium,selgelnilla

Psilotophyta: whisk fern psilotum timesipteris- no leaves or roots

Sphenophyta: horsetails, equisetium

Pterophyta: ferns only phyla with rich species with phylum of seedless vascular plants

What phylum is the club mosses?

Lycopodiophyta, family lycopodiaceae

Which contains a branching rhizomes which aerial branches and roots arise. The mircophylls are spirally arranged

Homosporous- which the sporangia occurs on the upper surface of the microphylls called sporophylls

Characteristic of phylum Zosterophyllophyta?

Dichotomously branched and the Ariel stems were covered with a cuticle but only the upper ones contained stomata

1. Lower branches produced lateral branches that forked in two axis one up and one down.

What are a few Saglaginella characteristics?

Heterosporous with a unisexual male and female Gametophyte separated into megasporangia and microsporangia

Has a small scale like outgrowth called ligule near the base of the upper surface of the microphyll and sporophyll

Sporophylls arrranged in strobili

In a megagameteophyte of Salaginella, what occurs?

The megaspore wall ruptures and the gametophyte protrudes through the rupture to the outside.

This portion is where the archegonia develop

Quillwarts belong to what family?

Isoetaceae, they are either aquatic or grow in pools that become dry at certain seasons.

Underground stem that bears quill-like microphylls on the upper surface and roots on the lower surface

Heterosporous- which are the microsphorophylls and the megasporophylls

In isoetes each leaf is a what…?

Potential to be a sporophyll

What is the great majority of phylum monilophyta? And the four major lineages?

Ferns and horsetails

1.Psiltopsida 2.marattiosida 3. Polyposida 4.Equisetopsida

What are the two kinds of sporangia within the ferns?

Euporangiate (the parent cells are located at the surface of the tissue from which the sporganium is produced) or Letosopraiate(single superficial cell that produce a part of the sporangial stalk)

What is a Annulus?

Each sporangia contains a special layer of unevenly thick-walled cells

When drying out of the sporangia, this creates a tearing in the middle of the capsule

The classes Psilotopsida contains two orders of homosporous ferns. What are they?

Orppioglossales and Psilotales

Filicales chracteristics

Leptosporangitiate ferns

Has siponostelic rhizomes that produces new sets of leaves each year

The fern embryo produces a true root, but then is replaced by advents roots

The leaves are megaphylls

The Lavinia of Filicales is divided what are the parts?

Into pinnae, which are leaflets attached to rachis, which a re extension of the leaf stalk or petiole

Young fern leaves are coiled and known as fiddleheads and this type development is known as..?

Circinate vernation which the uncoiling results from more rapid growth on the inner than the outer surface

Ophioglossales characteristics

Eusporangngiate ferns

Contain Botrychium and Ophioglossum

Have fertile and sterile segment of leaves

Psilotum characteristics

Whisk ferns

Lacks roots and leaves, with diachotomoously branching sporophyte.

Associated with Protostele and are homosporous

Spore give rise to bisexual gametophyte (some contain symbiotic fungi)

Sperm are mutiflagellate

The sporophyte becomes detached from the foot, which remains in the gametophyte

The sporangia of Polypodiopsida occur where,,?

On the margins or lower surfaces of the leaves or on modified stalks. Commonly occur in clusters called sori which many appear as yellow- blackish dots lower surface of the fond.

1. The young sori are covered by outgrowth of the leafs, the indusia (which shrivel when the sporangia is ready to shed their spores)

In Polypodiopsida the gametophyte typically develops into what..?

A flat hearted shaped membranous structure called the Prothallus, that has numerous rhizomes on its lower surface.

Both Antheridia and archegonia develop on the lower surface of the prothallus.

What does the Class of Polypodiopsida contain?

One order, the Salviniales and two families, Marsileaceae and Salviniaceae. These two families were derived from a common ancestor

All of the water ferns are heterosporous, there are 5 genera of water ferns

What are the two genera of Salviniaceae and the characteristics?

Azolla and Salviniaceae- both small plants that float on water and both produce their sporangia in sporocarps

In Azolla the tiny bigoted leaves are borne on slender stems, which a pouch forms on teh upper photosynthetic lobe of the leaf

Equisetum CHaracteristics

Horsetails that are widespread in moist or damp places by streams along the edge of the woods

Mircophylls are whorled in the nodes and the internodes are ribbed

They rhizomes are perennial, when the plants die the rhizomes stay

Hollow Pith surrounded by smaller canals called cardinal canals each has a strand of xylem and phloem

Homosporous with groups of small umbrella like structures known as sporganiophores which are clustered into stability

What do the spores contain in Equiestum when mature?

The sporangia contract and split along their inner surface releasing numerous spores.

Elators which are thicker bands that arise from the outer layers of the spore wall they play a role in spore dispersal