Exam 2 Full Set

HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)

-6

CH3CO2-H (Acetic Acid)

4.8

H2O (Water)

14

CH3CH2O-H (Ethanol)

16

HC≡CH (Acetylene)

25

H-H (Dihydrogen)

35

H2N-H (Ammonia)

38

CH2=CH2 (Ethylene)

44

CH3-H (methane)

50

Polar dissolves?

Polar

Non-polar dissolves?

Non-polar

F,O,N molecules may be water soluble if?

They have 5 or more carbons per non-carbon element

What is an ionophore?

An organic molecule that disrupts cell membranes.

What is a crown ether?

A synthetic ionophore.

Alkane

Alkene

Alkyne

Aromatic/benzene ring

Alkyl halide

Alcohol

Ether

Amine

Thiol

Sulfide

Aldehyde

Ketone

Carboxylic acid

Ester

Amide

Acid chloride

tert-butyl

sec-butyl

isobutyl

butyl

isopropyl

propyl

1 C atom

Methane/methyl

2 C atoms

Ethane/ethyl

3 C atoms

Propane/propyl

4 C atoms

Butane/butyl

5 C atoms

Pentane/pentyl

6 C atoms

Hexane/hexyl

7 C atoms

Heptane/heptyl

8 C atoms

Octane/octyl

9 C atoms

Nonane/nonyl

10 C atoms

Decane/decyl

If two chains of equal length are present pick the one with?

The largest number of branch points

Begin numbering a chain from?

The end closest to the first branch point

If a chain has two branch points an equal distance from both ends then number from the end that?

Is closest to the next branch point. If there is no second branch go in alphabetical order.

What prefix is not ignored when alphabetizing?

iso

Rings have the parent prefix of?

cyclo

If a ring has 1 substituent start numbering

at that substituent

If a ring has multiple substituents that are the same number towards?

The next closest substituent.

If a ring has two different substituents start numbering?

Alphabetically then the shortest way to the next sub.

If a ring has three or more subs then number?

In a way that makes the numbers as low as possible

What is a Lewis acid?

An electron pair acceptor

What is a Lewis base?

Electron pair donor

Acids are known as?

Electrophiles

Bases are known as?

Nucleophiles

What are the intermolecular forces from weakest to strongest?

London dispersion

Dipole-Dipole

Hydrogen bonding

Boiling point increases with?

Intermolecular forces

Melting point is also increased by?

Packing

Polar substances dissolve?

Polar substances

Non-polar substances dissolve?

Non-polar substances

An organic compound is water soluble if?

It contains at least one H-bonded F,O, or N for every five carbons.

How does pka affect reaction equilibrium?

Equilibrium moves towards the side with the higher pka. (Weaker acid)

A BL acid is a?

Proton (H+) donor.

A BL base is a?

Proton (H+) acceptor.

What 4 factors determine the strength of an acid?

-Elemental effects

-Inductive effects

-Resonance effects

--Hybridization effects

What is the elemental effect on acids?

Acid strength increases with the electronegativity of the atom bonded to H. Acidity increases as you move down colums.

What is the inductive effect?

Electronegative atoms pull through bonds.

What is the resonance effect?

Having more stable resonance forms makes a molecule more acidic.

What are hybridization effects?

Higher s character (single>double>triple bonds) makes a molecule more stable and acidic.

What are the types of Newman projections?

Eclipsed (Highest energy)

Staggered gauche

Staggered anti (Lowest energy)

What is torsional strain?

Repulsive forces between two close carbons.

What is steric strain?

Forces between two large groups that are close together.