PERSECUTION OF MINORITIES

What did Stalin serve as under Lenin?

as commissar for nationalities from 1917-24

What ethnicity was stalin?

Georgian

WHat premise did Stalin begin about nationalism?

that nationalism was ‘bourgeois’ and was contrary to solidarity to the Soviet State

How did Beria’s promotion impact nationalities?

his promotion to the head of the NKVD had some basiss in his ruthless treatment of Georians (his own countrymen)

What happened to the terror from summer of 1937?

took on an ethnic aspect with national sweeps against the easy europeans, germans, Fis, Poles and those from the Baltic states

How were minority ethnic groups seen as?

potential spies from the west so a mass campaign began in August 1937 to uproot and deport national minorities because of fears they may form a fifth column and collue wih an invader

What was the ‘Polish Operation’?

resulted in the arrest of around 140,0000 people of whom about 80% (11,000) were shot

Who were targeted as representing threats of the east?

Koreans, chinese and afghans. In 1937 a large korean minority was deported when war with Japan was on the cards

What happened from february 1938?

national operations were the prime functions of the NKVD

What happened to Kazakh Nomads?

were forced to cultivate the soil in their region, even though this had been their practice

How many Kazakh nomads died?

18 million

What does the death of the Kazakh nomads show?

it is likely that this occured due to the pursuit of economic goals rather than ethnic ones

How was Uzbekistan’s agriculture decimated?

when it wa forced o produce cotton to supply Russian’s industry

Where did Stalin’s anti-religious campaigns spread to?

spread into Ukraine and Belorussia and there was direct persecution of Muslims in the central Asian republics after 1928

When was war with Japan on the cards?

late 1930s

What happened when 2 million Jews were incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1939-40?

as a result of the invasion of eastern Poland and the Baltic republics many rabbis and religious leaders were arrested in these areas

What was Stalins views on jewish people?

unclear

What was the representation of jewish people like in government?

high levels at the senior levels within soviet organisations and those assosciated with foreign communist parties a disproportionate number suffered

What happened due to the Nazi-Soviet pact?

Stalin had to remove Jewish minister for foreign affairs (but remained in a high ranking role)

What happened to Order Number 00447 in October 1937?

Stalin began to criticise the effects of mass arrests on industrial management

What happened to Order Number 00447 in September 1938?

it is rescinded

What happened to Order Number 00447 in 1938?

At the January Plenum in 1938 the leaderhsip condeened the ‘heartless bureaucratic attitude’ of some and praised those officials who had reversedd some convictions

How many people were executed under category one of Order Number 00447?

175,950

How many people died as a part of category 2 of Order Number 00447?

193,000 given 8-10 year sentences

What was their evidence of in regards to Stalin and Order Number 00447?

Stalin personally oversaw categorisation of many of these people

When did Yezhov die?

he confessed quickly and denounced ithers, including members of his own family and was shot in february 1940

What was yezhov accused of?

April 1939, having spent his ineffectually sice his demotion, yezhov was arrested and acccused of framing innocent people, plotting to kill Stalin and being a british spy

Why were more gulags built?

from 1930 more guags built as they were used ffor cheap labour for industry to hous political prisoners and class enemies (Kulaks)

Why were more gulags built from 197?

inmate number increases from 800,000 in 1935 to between 5..5 to 9.5 million by the end of 1938, now prisoners were deliberatly worked to death/murdered outright

What was Lenins policy of korenization?

the integration of non-russian nationalities into the governments of their specific soviet republics

How did Stalin double down on korenizations?

instead he branded a number of ethnic groups as traitors, exiling them to Siberia or central Asia as second class citizens with restricted freedoms and rights

What can the actions of Stalin be seen to be?

ethnic cleansing, as they resulted in the forced deprtations ofmillions of people and large numbers of deaths

What was the first mass transfer of an etnic group in the Soviet Union?

Koreans

When did the idea of Korean and Chinese ethnic cleansing originate, when did it occur?

1926, initiated in 1930 and carried out through Septemebr and October 1937

How many koreans were deported?

171,781 were deported from the far east (almost the entire population) to the unpopulated areas of Kazakhstan and uzbekistan

What was the soviet justification for the deportation fo the Koreans and the chinese?

they were spies for the japenese

How many deaths of Korean people died?

an estimated 50,000 deaths due to starvation, disease and difficulty adjusting to the unfamiliar environment

What happened to Chinese people?

15,000 chinese people living in Russia were deported by 1937

What was the deportation of the Kalmyk people called?

operation Ulussy

What happened under operation Ulussy?

97-98,000 Kalmyk people including Russoan women married to Kalymks but with the exception of Kalmyk eomen married to another nationality were deported to Siberia,

What were the Kalymk people accused of?

Nazi collaboration and were packed into cargo wagons and deported or registered for future deportations

What was the fate of the Kalmyk people?

were deported to Siberia, half died before Kruschev allowed them to return home in 1957

How were the overcrowded gulags dealt with?

mass executions

What were the tartars accused of?

alleged collaboration with the occupying Nazi regime in the Taurida Subdistrict district

When did stalin order the deprtation of teh Crimean tartars/

1944

How many crimean tartars were deported?

the entire population (230,000 people), most going to Uzbekistan

What did the 1960 survey of the Crimean tartar activists show?

more than 100,000 died from starvation or disease as a result of deportation

How did tartar persecution continue?

due to the extensive, anti-tartar propaganda even after the end of stalin’s rule their prsecution continued as hthe vast majority of Crimean tartars were forced to remain in exile under teh household regisration system until 1989

What was the detartarisation in 1989?

it involved encouraging Slavs from Ukraine and Russia to repopulate the Crimean peninsula and replacing the crimean anmes of most topnyms of Slavic names

What is the quote about the cossacks?

selfish and wealthy Cossack rebels

Who persecuted the cossacks?

cheka and red army

Wat happened to the Cossacks?

from 1919-1933 they were arrested, deported and executed. An estimated 10,000 to 50,000 people died durin the campaign, with uo ti 500,000 killed or deporte from 1919-1920 out of a population of 3 million

What did Stalin state about Germans?

all Germans working in our military and chemical factories, electrical stations and at construction sites in all regions must be arrested

What happened to the ethnic Germans in Russia?

between 1937 and 1938 56,787 Germans were arreted of whom 41,898 were shot. Of them 820 were citizens of the german Reich. Later within moths of the Nazi invasion of Russia more than 400,000 german descendeants who were living along the Volga were transported East to Centrak Asia and Siberia

What happened to the Soviet Poles?

139,815 Poles were arrested and 111,071 of them were executed

What happened during the Latvian operation?

in december 1937, 17,851 Soviet citizens (mostly latvians) were arrested and 13,444 were executed. Overall between August 1937 and october 1938 over 335,000 were arrested and 247,000 of them were shot by the NKVD

What was the extent of the restellelements?

approximately one million people were removed by the NKVD from their homelands in the North Caucaus and Crimea for resettlement in Kazakhstan and central Asia between 1943 and 1944

How was the efficiency of the resettlements demonstrated?

one night in February 1944 when tens of thousands of NKVD troops were assembled in an hour notice and deported the vast majority of the Chechen and Ingush populations, those who were unccoperative or too ill to be moved were killed. The rest were transported by cattle cars and trucks with many dying en route to Kazakhstan

How many Armenians and Axerbajianis were deported in the mid to laet 1940s?

between 150,00 and 200,00 and approxiamtely 150,000 Turks, Kurds and Hemshils

What didnt exist in the Northern Caucaus and indifinous people of Siberia prior to the Soviet reigme?

national consciousness

How did the soviets remove the theat of potential ethnic leaders and opposition?

as a part of the polish operation, they shot 14,000 polish offivers

What di they encourage?

russian migration to Kazakhstan and Siberia to tilt the population balance and discourgaed the ise of indeiginous language to suppress culture and eliminated minorities

What did ethnic groups of the North Caucaus see themselves as?

members of clans rather than a huge ethnic society of North Cauacaus people

What two Bolshevik polices were critical to he development of northern national consciousness?

the 1921-1922 ethnically defined republics and STalins 1944 deportations of the Karachay, ingush, Balkar and Chechen national groups

What was Stalins policy of Russianisation also known as?

sblizhenie

Under Stalin how was the holocaust regarded/

it was denied, he removed jewish scholars from the sciences, censored literature which mentioned the genocide of the Jews and denied emigration rights to the Jews

How did Stalin’s anti semitism beome visible on the 12th August 1952?

In the night of the murdered poets he alled for the execution of the most prominent Yiddish authors of the Soviet Union and in 1953 he began an anti-semitic campaign known as the doctors plot, accusing jewish doctors of plotting aganist the state (But he died before this could occur) but he did become more anti semitic in layter life

How did Stalin use the events of WW2?

to strengthen russian antionalism, glorifying the importanc of Soviet and Bolshevik power within Russia’s history. Stalin celebrated the glory achieved by the russians whilst accusing and punishing other nationalities

How did Stalin use artificial borders?

in 1937 Stalin created three seperate ethnic entities out of the ormer Mongolian Buryat Autonomous Republic, the republic of the Buryatia, the Aga Buryat area (which contained a particularly large amount of the former Buryat Mongolia cattle and farm areas) and the Ust’Orda area located in Irkutsk oblast (which was rich in lead) creating inequalit as resources were not shared equally

How ddi Stalin influence schooling?

teaching the russian language in school became mandatory and authority became more centralised in Moscow as the power of the SSrs were reduced

What happened to native communist elites in the great terror?

were purged and replaced with Russians or those who had been educated on russian, culture, beliefs and languages

How did Stalin see russian culture and language?

as the links that would connect the various ethnicities in Soviet Russia

What did stalin do in the area that would become the Karachay-Cherkessia?

Stalin combined the Caucasian and the Turkic ethnicities whose languages had no simlarities with one another, he used a similar policy in the Kabardino-Balkarian republic

How did Stalin weaken the potential for furture uprisings?

Stalin would randomly combine two or more unrelated ethnic groups with a single ethnic territory

What was revived under Stalin?

Russian Chauvinism.