Rise of Totalitarianism

Mensheviks

Branch of socialism; all people should be in power (Rousseau); Kerensky

Bolsheviks

Branch of socialism; educated elite should make decisions (montesquieu); Lenin; Sign the treaty of Brest-Litovsk; take control of govt without a fight after the end of tsar rule

Tsar Nicholas II

Ruler of Russia; killed by the bolsheviks after the Russian civil war; last ruler of the Russian empire

Tsarina Alexandra

Wife of Nicholas II; empress of Russia

Rasputin

Russian mystic and self proclaimed holy man; gained influence with the Tsar and Russian politics

Alexander Kerensky

Named leader of coalition combining duma with soviets; leader of the mensheviks

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of Bolsheviks; Leads Red Army to take control of government;

Reds

Bolsheviks; Defeat white army in Summer 1918 war; execute tsar nicholas; establish Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Whites

Mix of Mensheviks and Royalists; Do not support red govt; Defeated by the reds

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Established after the Bolsheviks win the Russian civil war

Leon Trotsky

"Brains" - helps Lenin. Fights Stalin for control of the throne after Lenin; exiled after Stalin's win; executed in Mexico

Joseph Stalin

Takes over after Lenin's death; 5 year plans; censorship; creates Russia a totalitarian state; used violence and interrogations to keep people in check

Emperor Hirohito

Young Japanese Emperor looking to adapt to modern world

Benito Mussolini

Former socialist changed to anti-socialist; wants unity for Italy; supported by most citizens; controls economy; invades Ethiopia

The Weimar Republic

Struggles to maintain order in post-war Germany; Lose support from citizens and different groups struggle to share power

The Nazi Party

Ideals- to restore German pride, reject the treaty of versailles; blame democratic govt for taking away German pride

Nazi Protests

Frequent boycotts of "anti-German" businesses, public protests, speeches, etc.; defining who a German is

Adolf Hitler

Demands quick action and change rather than slow democratic processes; supported by many German citizens; Goes to prison for the Beer Hall Putsch; Wrote Mein Kampf in prison; appointed German prime minister; takes control as fuhrer

Alfred Von Hindenburg

German president; appoints Hitler prime minister

The Nazi SA

Brown shirts, or storm troopers; similar to Mussolini's black shirts; represent the Nazi party publicly and by using intimidation

The Nazi SS

Gestapo; Nazi secret police; behind the scenes elite officers

The Third Reich

New leaders in Germany including Hitler, new economic order; militarization; social control

The Hitler Youth

Intense "scout" style program for young boys to become part of the Nazi party

Russo-Japanese War

Russians lose to the Japanese; first Asian victory against a major European nation

Bloody Sunday in Russia

Workers and citizens peacefully protest at the castle; police violently retaliate

Revolution of 1905

Uprising in attempt to to convince Tsar Nicholas II to move from autocracy to a constitutional monarchy

The February Revolution

Angered by food shortages due to the war, socialist leaders take control of the royal palace

The October Revolution

Lenin and Red Army seized control of government without a fight; Mensheviks pushed out

The Russian Civil War

Summer 1918; breakout between reds and white; Nicholas II and his family executed; reds defeat whites; weakens Russian presence at paris peace conference

Stalin's 5 Year Plan

Designed by Stalin to achieve rapid industrialization and growth; State control of heavy industry (product demands in factories); Agricultural collectivization (provide tools and machinery to farmers in return for their output)

The Ukrainian Genocide

To suppress nationalism and resistance to collectivization, Stalin denies food to the whole country; 6 million starve

The Great Depression

World wide economic crisis spurred by US stock market crash;

The Manchurian Incident

Japanese soldiers provoke fight with China to gain control over Northern region of China; Japanese violently expand control of China

Sino-Japanese War

Fight between Japan and China primarily over the influence of Korea

Invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

Italy fails to take over African territory after Berlin Conference agreements; Italians ashamed of their failure

Dawes Plan

1923/1924; US allows Germany to delay WW1 payment to the allies; American banks loan Germans $; contributes to depression

The Beer Hall Putsch

Hitler and the Nazi party's failed attempt to take over the govt by threatening violence; aggression impresses German elites; Hitler gets minor sentence, rather than typical sentence for treason

Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

In response to the murder of a Nazi official, the gov't inspires a night of riots against Jewish citizens & businesses

Duma

Representatives who were there to pass laws for the tsar; legislative assembly

Soviet

Council of workers and peasants in Russia

Agricultural Collectivization USSR

Govt provides tools and machinery to farmers, farmers are required to turn in their output to the state; copies England by mass producing one product on specific farms; farmers fight back

Kulak

Russian peasant who is wealthy enough to own land and have laborers; farmers

Purges

Anyone who spoke or acted out in any way not approved by the state was sent to the Gulag prison system or immediately executed; under Stalin's rule

II Duce

Mussolini's title

Inflation in Germany

Rapid decrease in the value of German currency; weimar republic struggles to maintain economy

Chancellor

Head of law enforcement; Hitler named this by Hindenburg

Fuhrer

Hitler name himself absolute ruler; leader

Luftwaffe

Dominating air force in Germany; broken rule of Treaty of Versailles

Propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view

Totalitarianism

what is the term for when one person has total control over everything and everybody?

Single-party dictatorship

what is the definition of one political party only and is one of the warning signs of a totalitarian dictatorship

Secret Police

enforced the leader's rules

censorship

prevent people from hearing, reading, seeing, or saying things that the people didn't want to hear, say, read, or see

propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

totalitarian dictator

one person has total control over everybody and everything

tsar

Russian emporer

"bloody Sunday"

the massacre in St. Peterburg Russia

Duma

to prevent more problems, the russians created what

soviets

republics grouped together to create the USSR

provisional government

temporary form of government

bolsheviks

supporters of Vladimir Lenin and Communism/Marxism

"Peace, Land, and Bread"

Lenin's communist slogan to gain supporters for the revolution

The Hammer and Sickle represent...?

Hammer = Workers in the factories; Sickle = farmers

Cheka

Lenin's Secret police force

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

treaty between Russia and Germany that would end Russia's involvement in WWI in 1917

National economic policy

Lenin allowed: profit, small businesses, own land;

Selling surplus crops = profit

Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to improve industry but resulted in famine

Collectivization

private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Black Shirts (Italy)

The private army of Mussolini

il duce

"the leader," Mussolini's nickname

Swastika

symbol of the Nazi party

Brown Shirts

Hitlers official "THUGS"

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by Hitler

Aryan race = Superior Race

Jewish Race = inferior race

anti-semitism

Prejudice against Jews

Aryan Master Race

blonde haired, blue eyed, white

Lebensraum (living space)

the additional territory that, according to Adolf Hitler, Germany needed because it was overcrowded

third reich

The Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.

schutzstaffel (SS)

special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925

Gestapo

Nazi secret police

Hitler Youth

Organizations set up under Hitler to train an educate German young people in Nazi beliefs

Spanish Civil War

civil war in Spain in which General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government

Nuremburg laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.