-An organized method -uses evidence to explain events -deals only with the natural world -changes as new evidence comes to light
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scientific method
- Make Observations -Background research/Ask a question -Form a hypothesis -Design an Experiment -Gather/Present Data -Analyze Data/Draw Conclusions -Submit for Peer Review
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observation
an objective fact learned by using human senses
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inference
A reasonable conclusion based on observations and evidence. (subjective)
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background research/questions (sci method)
What is previously known about the topic? Build on that: What is it that still needs to be known (or confirmed)?
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forming a hypothesis (sci method)
A hypothesis is written as a statement, not a question. "I think/I predict" is not found in a hypothesis. A hypothesis is testable. For a hypothesis to be properly supported through evidence or rejected, it must take a specific stand one way or the other. (Not wishy-washy!)
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null hypothesis
a statement or idea that can be falsified, or proved wrong
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independent variable
what will be changed?
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dependent variable
what will be measured?
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controlled variables/constants
what must remain the same?
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MIX
only one but levels
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DRY
may be more than one/qualitative/quantitative
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Qualitive data
descriptive data
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quantitative data
numerical
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scientific theory
a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations
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Life Characteristics
Made of cells Reproduce Based on a universal (?) genetic code Grow and Develop Obtain & use materials & energy Respond to their Environment Maintain a stable internal environment As a group, change over time
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unicellular
made of one cell
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Multicellular
Made up of more than one cell.
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how do single celled organisms grow?
by increasing in size
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How do multi-cellular organisms grow?
increasing cell size/cell number
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cells
all cells have the same DNA they are just diff because some are turned on and off
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autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food
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Heterotroph
get their enerfgy by consuming other organisms
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metabolism
the combination of all the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
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anabolism
Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. [BUILDING MUSCLES]
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Catabolism
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy. [WEIGHT LOSS]
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stimulus
a signal to which an organism responds
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external stimulus
a change in the environment outside of the organism
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internal stimulus
a change within the organism
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homeostasis
A cell works to keep conditions inside the cell constant keeping pH and temp constant
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evolution
a species changing overtime
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objective lens: 4x and the eye piece is 10x
total mag: 40x
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atoms
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of the element.
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proton
Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
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neutron
a neutral particle in the nucleus of an atom
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electron
negative, orbiting the nucleus in shells
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ionic bonds (strongest bond)
when an atom borrows an electron from another atom to fill it's outer electron shell.
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covalent bond
when an outer electron is shared between two atoms.
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hydrogen bond (weakest bond)
a specific bond in which a hydrogen atom (slightly positive atom) bonds to an electronegative (slightly negative) atom or molecule.
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water
neutral has neg and pos pull POLAR
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polar
having a pair of equal and opposite charges
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cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
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solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
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solvent
the substance in which the solute dissolves
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salt water
salt is the solute and water is the solvent
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pH
potential hydrogen
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pH scale
0-6 acidic 7 neutral 8-14 basic
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neutral
Neutral= equal number of H+ and OH- (water)
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acidic
Acidic= greater number of H+ than water
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basic
Basic= greater number of OH- than water
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acid
Acid= any compound that forms H+ in a solution pH= less than 7 (
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base
Base= any compound that forms OH- in a solution pH= greater than 7 (>7)