BIO

what is science?

-An organized method
-uses evidence to explain events
-deals only with the natural world
-changes as new evidence comes to light

scientific method

- Make Observations
-Background research/Ask a question
-Form a hypothesis
-Design an Experiment
-Gather/Present Data
-Analyze Data/Draw Conclusions
-Submit for Peer Review

observation

an objective fact learned by using human senses

inference

A reasonable conclusion based on observations and evidence. (subjective)

background research/questions (sci method)

What is previously known about the topic?
Build on that: What is it that still needs to be known (or confirmed)?

forming a hypothesis (sci method)

A hypothesis is written as a statement, not a question.
"I think/I predict" is not found in a hypothesis.
A hypothesis is testable.
For a hypothesis to be properly supported through evidence or rejected, it must take a specific stand one way or the other. (Not wishy-washy!)

null hypothesis

a statement or idea that can be falsified, or proved wrong

independent variable

what will be changed?

dependent variable

what will be measured?

controlled variables/constants

what must remain the same?

MIX

only one but levels

DRY

may be more than one/qualitative/quantitative

Qualitive data

descriptive data

quantitative data

numerical

scientific theory

a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations

Life Characteristics

Made of cells
Reproduce
Based on a universal (?) genetic code
Grow and Develop
Obtain & use materials & energy
Respond to their Environment
Maintain a stable internal environment
As a group, change over time

unicellular

made of one cell

Multicellular

Made up of more than one cell.

how do single celled organisms grow?

by increasing in size

How do multi-cellular organisms grow?

increasing cell size/cell number

cells

all cells have the same DNA they are just diff because some are turned on and off

autotrophs

Organisms that are able to make their own food

Heterotroph

get their enerfgy by consuming other organisms

metabolism

the combination of all the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes

anabolism

Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. [BUILDING MUSCLES]

Catabolism

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy. [WEIGHT LOSS]

stimulus

a signal to which an organism responds

external stimulus

a change in the environment outside of the organism

internal stimulus

a change within the organism

homeostasis

A cell works to keep conditions inside the cell constant
keeping pH and temp constant

evolution

a species changing overtime

objective lens: 4x and the eye piece is 10x

total mag: 40x

atoms

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of the element.

proton

Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom

neutron

a neutral particle in the nucleus of an atom

electron

negative, orbiting the nucleus in shells

ionic bonds (strongest bond)

when an atom borrows an electron from another atom to fill it's outer electron shell.

covalent bond

when an outer electron is
shared between two atoms.

hydrogen bond (weakest bond)

a specific bond in which a hydrogen atom (slightly positive atom) bonds to an electronegative (slightly negative) atom or molecule.

water

neutral
has neg and pos pull
POLAR

polar

having a pair of equal and opposite charges

cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

salt water

salt is the solute and water is the solvent

pH

potential hydrogen

pH scale

0-6 acidic
7 neutral
8-14 basic

neutral

Neutral= equal number of H+ and OH- (water)

acidic

Acidic= greater number of H+ than water

basic

Basic= greater number of OH- than water

acid

Acid= any compound that forms H+ in a solution
pH= less than 7 (

base

Base= any compound that forms OH- in a solution
pH= greater than 7 (>7)

SPONCH

sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen

the most important atom found in living things

CARBON
join to four atoms at same time
can form rings/chains so it can make lots of diff kinds of molecules

hydrophilic

water loving

polar groups/molecules

try to be near and touch water other polar molecules

hydrophobic

water fearing

non-polar groups/molecules

try to be near other non-polar molecules and away from polar molecules

all the chemical reactions that happen in cells

metabolism

dehydration synthesis

to join molecules to make a bigger molecule by removing a water molecule to make a bond

hydrolysis

chemical reaction where a molecule is broken apart by adding a water molecule

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

monomers

building blocks of polymers

polymers

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

four types of organic compounds

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a 1:2:1 ration [1 carbon, 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen]

Monosaccharides

monomers of simple sugars- glucose and fructose

disaccharides

Disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and lactose

polysaccharides

polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides, starch (plant energy storage) and glycogen (animal energy storage)

cellulose

glucose bonded to form "fibers", composes cell walls in plants (cotton is almost pure cellulose); not easily digested

chitin

polymer of glucose, makes up exoskeletons of insects and arthropods such as scorpions and crabs.

carbs supply energy in animals

animal cells store glucose as glycogen

carbs supply energy in plants

plant cells store glucose as starch

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms
made by plants with glucose

glycoproteins

(proteins with sugar attached) on the surface of cells help cells recognize self

why are glycoproteins important

organ rejection
recognizing germs
blood types

lipids

Lipids are insoluble organic compounds that are made up of fatty acids.

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic and insoluble in water

types of lipids

fats/oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids (estrogen, testosterone)

phospholipids

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. [4 carbon based rings, no fatty acid chains]

saturated fats

solid at room temp [butter]

unsat fat

liquid at room temp [oil]

insulation on the nerve cells

myeline formed by lipids

monomer [proteins]

amino acids

polymers [protein]

chains of amino acids aka peptides or polypeptides

why amino acids

support, enzymes, transport, defense, hormones, motion

proteins are structural

they combine with DNA to wrap up into chromosomes

proteins act as enzymes

enzymes help chemical reactions happen faster

proteins and genes

they control genes by turning them on and off

proteins and antibodies

they fight germs, antibodies are proteins

proteins in cell membranes

help move molecules of cells in and out

hemoglobin

in red blood cells carries oxygen to all body cells

insulin

protein hormone that controls blood sugar

monomers (nucleic acid)

carbon ring structure aka nucleotide

dna and rna

store genetic info, types of nucleic acids

what each nucleotide consists of

A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
A phosphate
A nitrogen base

atp molecules

contain three phosphate bonds that are easily broken to release energy

nitrogen bases

adenine
cytosine
thymine
guanine
CATG

enzymes

proteins that catalyze the rate of a chemical reaction
speed up reactions by decreasing the amt of activation energy required for a reaction

carbonic anhydrase

found in blood; speeds up the removal of carbon dioxide from our bodies.