BIO

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Biology

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138 Terms

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what is science?
-An organized method
-uses evidence to explain events
-deals only with the natural world
-changes as new evidence comes to light
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scientific method
- Make Observations
-Background research/Ask a question
-Form a hypothesis
-Design an Experiment
-Gather/Present Data
-Analyze Data/Draw Conclusions
-Submit for Peer Review
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observation
an objective fact learned by using human senses
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inference
A reasonable conclusion based on observations and evidence. (subjective)
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background research/questions (sci method)
What is previously known about the topic?
Build on that: What is it that still needs to be known (or confirmed)?
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forming a hypothesis (sci method)
A hypothesis is written as a statement, not a question.
"I think/I predict" is not found in a hypothesis.
A hypothesis is testable.
For a hypothesis to be properly supported through evidence or rejected, it must take a specific stand one way or the other. (Not wishy-washy!)
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null hypothesis
a statement or idea that can be falsified, or proved wrong
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independent variable
what will be changed?
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dependent variable
what will be measured?
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controlled variables/constants
what must remain the same?
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MIX
only one but levels
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DRY
may be more than one/qualitative/quantitative
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Qualitive data
descriptive data
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quantitative data
numerical
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scientific theory
a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations
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Life Characteristics
Made of cells
Reproduce
Based on a universal (?) genetic code
Grow and Develop
Obtain & use materials & energy
Respond to their Environment
Maintain a stable internal environment
As a group, change over time
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unicellular
made of one cell
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Multicellular
Made up of more than one cell.
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how do single celled organisms grow?
by increasing in size
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How do multi-cellular organisms grow?
increasing cell size/cell number
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cells
all cells have the same DNA they are just diff because some are turned on and off
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autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food
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Heterotroph
get their enerfgy by consuming other organisms
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metabolism
the combination of all the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
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anabolism
Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. [BUILDING MUSCLES]
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Catabolism
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy. [WEIGHT LOSS]
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stimulus
a signal to which an organism responds
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external stimulus
a change in the environment outside of the organism
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internal stimulus
a change within the organism
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homeostasis
A cell works to keep conditions inside the cell constant
keeping pH and temp constant
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evolution
a species changing overtime
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objective lens: 4x and the eye piece is 10x
total mag: 40x
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atoms
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of the element.
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proton
Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
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neutron
a neutral particle in the nucleus of an atom
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electron
negative, orbiting the nucleus in shells
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ionic bonds (strongest bond)
when an atom borrows an electron from another atom to fill it's outer electron shell.
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covalent bond
when an outer electron is
shared between two atoms.
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hydrogen bond (weakest bond)
a specific bond in which a hydrogen atom (slightly positive atom) bonds to an electronegative (slightly negative) atom or molecule.
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water
neutral
has neg and pos pull
POLAR
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polar
having a pair of equal and opposite charges
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cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
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solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
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solvent
the substance in which the solute dissolves
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salt water
salt is the solute and water is the solvent
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pH
potential hydrogen
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pH scale
0-6 acidic
7 neutral
8-14 basic
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neutral
Neutral= equal number of H+ and OH- (water)
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acidic
Acidic= greater number of H+ than water
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basic
Basic= greater number of OH- than water
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acid
Acid= any compound that forms H+ in a solution
pH= less than 7 (
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base
Base= any compound that forms OH- in a solution
pH= greater than 7 (>7)
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SPONCH
sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen
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the most important atom found in living things
CARBON
join to four atoms at same time
can form rings/chains so it can make lots of diff kinds of molecules
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hydrophilic
water loving
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polar groups/molecules
try to be near and touch water other polar molecules
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hydrophobic
water fearing
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non-polar groups/molecules
try to be near other non-polar molecules and away from polar molecules
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all the chemical reactions that happen in cells
metabolism
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dehydration synthesis
to join molecules to make a bigger molecule by removing a water molecule to make a bond
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hydrolysis
chemical reaction where a molecule is broken apart by adding a water molecule
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ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
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monomers
building blocks of polymers
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polymers
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
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four types of organic compounds
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a 1:2:1 ration [1 carbon, 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen]
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Monosaccharides
monomers of simple sugars- glucose and fructose
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disaccharides
Disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and lactose
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polysaccharides
polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides, starch (plant energy storage) and glycogen (animal energy storage)
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cellulose
glucose bonded to form "fibers", composes cell walls in plants (cotton is almost pure cellulose); not easily digested
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chitin
polymer of glucose, makes up exoskeletons of insects and arthropods such as scorpions and crabs.
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carbs supply energy in animals
animal cells store glucose as glycogen
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carbs supply energy in plants
plant cells store glucose as starch
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Cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms
made by plants with glucose
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glycoproteins
(proteins with sugar attached) on the surface of cells help cells recognize self
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why are glycoproteins important
organ rejection
recognizing germs
blood types
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lipids
Lipids are insoluble organic compounds that are made up of fatty acids.
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Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophobic and insoluble in water
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types of lipids
fats/oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids (estrogen, testosterone)
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phospholipids
a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. [4 carbon based rings, no fatty acid chains]
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saturated fats
solid at room temp [butter]
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unsat fat
liquid at room temp [oil]
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insulation on the nerve cells
myeline formed by lipids
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monomer [proteins]
amino acids
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polymers [protein]
chains of amino acids aka peptides or polypeptides
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why amino acids
support, enzymes, transport, defense, hormones, motion
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proteins are structural
they combine with DNA to wrap up into chromosomes
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proteins act as enzymes
enzymes help chemical reactions happen faster
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proteins and genes
they control genes by turning them on and off
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proteins and antibodies
they fight germs, antibodies are proteins
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proteins in cell membranes
help move molecules of cells in and out
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hemoglobin
in red blood cells carries oxygen to all body cells
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insulin
protein hormone that controls blood sugar
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monomers (nucleic acid)
carbon ring structure aka nucleotide
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dna and rna
store genetic info, types of nucleic acids
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what each nucleotide consists of
A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
A phosphate
A nitrogen base
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atp molecules
contain three phosphate bonds that are easily broken to release energy
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nitrogen bases
adenine
cytosine
thymine
guanine
CATG
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enzymes
proteins that catalyze the rate of a chemical reaction
speed up reactions by decreasing the amt of activation energy required for a reaction
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carbonic anhydrase
found in blood; speeds up the removal of carbon dioxide from our bodies.