Global Test: Chinese/Japanese Imperialism

Opium

An addictive painkilling drug made from the dried juice of opium poppy seeds

Exterritoriality

an agreement that allows citizens of one country who live in another country to be governed by the rules of their own land

Consul

A government official who lives and works in another country

Peer

A person of equal rank or social standing

Imperial line

Emperors, their ancestors, and their descendants

Mediator

A person who settles differences between people and nations

Isthmus

A narrow strip of land bordered on both sides by water between two larger masses of land

Dictatorial rule

A form of government in which the ruler has absolute power

Pasteurization

A process by which milk or other liquids are heated to kill germs

Vaccine

A substance that protects against a disease by using weakened or killed germs

balance of trade

the difference between how much a country imports and how much it exports

trade surplus

situation in which a country  exports more than it imports

trade deficit

situation in which a country imports more than it exports

Opium War

•a war that took place in 1839 when China outlawed opium and clashed with British merchants selling it in China; British gunboats easily defeated the Chinese

indemnity

payment for losses in a war

extraterritoriality

the right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation

Taiping Rebellion

a massive peasant uprising against corruption in the Qing dynasty; between 1850 and 1864, 20 to 30 million may have perished

Sino-Japanese War

the 1894 war in which Japan took Taiwan

Open Door Policy

Open Door Policy – the 1899 United States policy demanding open trade in China

Guang Xu

the young emperor who attempted to bring reform to the Qing dynasty

Boxer Rebellion

anti-foreign movement in China from 1898–1900

Sun Yixian

also known as Sun Yat-sen; named first president of new Chinese republic in 1911

Matthew Perry

the U.S. Navy commodore who led a fleet of ships into Tokyo Bay in 1853 and demanded that Japan open its ports

Tokyo

the new “eastern capital” named in 1867, when Emperor Mutsuhito was restored to power and took the name Meiji

Meiji Restoration

the reign of Emperor Meiji, which lasted from 1868 to 1912, during which Japan learned about the West and modernized

Diet

a legislature

zaibatsu

powerful banking and industrial families of Japan

homogeneous society

a society in which all people share a common culture and language

First Sino-Japanese War

a war between Japan and China that broke out in 1894 due to competition between the two powers in Korea

Russo-Japanese War

•Russo-Japanese War – a war between Russia and Japan that began in 1904 and in which Japan gained control of Korea and rights in parts of Manchuria

Edo

Japan’s name before Meiji restoration

Meiji meaning

enlightened rule

How long was the Meiji Era/Restoration?

45 years: 1868-1912

Meiji’s original name

Mutsuhito

Another name for Sun Yixian

Sun Yatsen

What was situation in China when westerners first visited?

China had more advanced weapons and technology than the westerners.

What did China need from the western countries?

nothing

What good did China trade?

Silk, porcelain, and tea

What developments changed the power dynamic between China and European countries?

• China entered a period of decline

• Europe gained power due to Industrial revolution

What started the opium war?

• China made opium illegal and killed people who sold it.

• Britain wouldn’t stop selling it because they had right to free trade.

Treaty of Nanjing included:

• indemnity for Britain

• extraterritoriality for Britain

• gave up Hong Kong

• continued sale of opium

• opened more ports to Britain to trade

Reformers that launched the “self-strengthening” movement developed

Shipyards, railroads, and mining and light industries

China’s three principles of the people

•Nationalism—freeing China from foreign domination

•Democracy—representative government

•Livelihood—economic security
for Chinese people

Taiping Rebellion causes

• failure to maintain irrigation systems and canals leading to floods

• enforcing high taxes while living lavishly

• beliefs that the Qing dynasty was corrupt and weak

• failure to stop spread of opium or cease use of it

When did self-strengthening movement begin?

1860s

What empress refused to change due to being a devote Confucian?

Empress Ci Xi

When did Japan begin to modernize?

1868

What happened to China as a result of the to Sino-Japanese War?

• they lost taiwan

• Europe saw them as weak and made spheres of influence in China

Why did the U.S. create the open door policy?

US saw all European countries overtaking China so they proposed fair trade in order to not be left out.

When did the US create the Open Door Policy?

1899

How long was the first Opium war?

3 years; 1839-1842

Purpose of Boxer rebellion

Remove and kill foreign devils from China

Purpose of Taiping Rebellion

to overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish new government

When did Sun Yixian become president?

1911

Who launched the Hundread Days of Reform?

Emperor Guang Xu

When did the Hundred Days of Reform take place?

1898

What was Guang’s Xu’s goal with the Hundred Days of Reform?

To modernize the bureaucracy, military, schools, and industry

Who stopped the Hundred days of Reform? How?

Empress Ci Xi; they retook control, killed Guang Xu, and halted reform

What western powers joined to stop the Boxer Rebellion?

Britain and France

The Righteous and Harmonious Fists

Another name for the Boxers

What treaty opened Japanese ports and removed them from seclusion?

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

Why were the Japanese angry at the shogun?

• Felt humiliated by terms of the unequal treaties with the West

• Angry that the shogun didn’t take a stronger stand against the foreigners

Venn Diagram: Similar

• Have well established, traditional values

• Initially resist change

• oppose western imperialism

Venn Diagram: differences

China:

• Remains committed to traditional values

• Loses numerous territorial conflicts

• Grants spheres of influence to other nations within China

• Finally accepts necessity for reform

Japan

• considers modernization necessary

• borrows and adapts western ways

• strengthens economic and military power

• becomes an empire builder

Where was the capital of Japan moved?

From Kyoto to Edo which became Tokyo

How old was Meiji when he began rule?

15 years old

What did the Meiji reformers do to achieve their goal?

•To reach this goal, leaders under Emperor Meiji decided to study Western ways.

•Members of the Japanese government traveled overseas in 1871 to learn about Western economies and technologies.

Goal/Motto of the Meiji restoration

“A rich country, a strong military.”

What was the goal of the meiji reformers?

Meiji reformers wanted to end the feudal order and create an industrial economy.

What is a reason Japan modernized so quickly?

It had a strong sense of national identity and a homogenous society.

Japan’s modifications to/harsh rule over Korea

•Japan made Korea a protectorate, then annexed it in 1910.

•Japan modernized Korea and set out to erase the Korean language and identity.

•Japanese repression of Korean culture bred nationalist resentment.

•Japan brutally crushed a nonviolent protest that began on March 1, 1919. The March First Movement became a symbol of Korean nationalism.