BIOL1202 Chapter 34 Crossword Terms

cyclostome

member of one of the two main clades of vertebrates; ___________ lack jaws and include lampreys and hagfishes.

diapsid

a member of an amniote clade distinguished by a pair of holes on each side of the skull. ________ includes lepidosaurs and archosaurs

lamprey

any of the jawless vertebrates with highly reduced vertebrae that live in freshwater and marine environments. almost half of extant _______ species are parasites that feed by clamping their round, jawless mouth onto the flank of a live fish; nonparasitic _______ are suspension feeders that only feed as larvae

archosaur

a member of the reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators, and dinosaurs, including birds

theropod

a member of a group of dinosaurs that were bipedal carnivores

ray finned fish

a member of the clade Actinopterygii, aquatic osteichthyans with fins supported by long, flexible rays, including tuna, bass, and herring (3 words)

pterosaur

winged reptile that lived during Mesozoic era

cloaca

a common opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts found in many nonmammalian vertebrates but in few mammals

placenta

a structure in the uterus of a pregnant eutherian mammal that nourishes the fetus with the mother’s blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryotic membrane

reptile

a member of the clade of amniotes that includes tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds

chordate

a member of the phylum ________, animals that at some point during their development have a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a muscular, post-anal tail

ovoviviparous

referring to a type of development in which young hatch from eggs that are retained in the mother’s uterus

opposable thumb

a thumb that can touch the ventral surface (fingerprint side) of the fingerprint of all four fingers of the same hand with its own ventral surface (2 words)

notochord

a longitudinal, flexible rob made of tightly packed mesodermal cells that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of a chordate in the dorsal part of the body

dinosaur

a member of an extremely diverse clade of reptiles varying in body shape, size, and habitat. birds are the only extant _________.

neural crest

in vertebrates, a region located along the sides of the neural tube where it pinches off from the ectoderm. ______ _____ cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form pigment cells in the skin and parts of the skull, teeth, adrenal glands and peripheral nervous system (2 words)

synapsid

a member of an amniote clade distinguished by a single hole on each side of the skull. _________ include the mammals

vertebrate

a chordate animal with ________, the series of bones that make up the backbone

lobe fin

a member of a clade of osteichthyans having rod-shaped muscular fins. the groups includes coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods (2 words)

placoderm

a member of an extinct group of fishlike vertebrates that had jaws and were enclosed in a tough outer armor

lancelet

a member of the clade Cephalochordata, small blade-shaped marine chordates that lack a backbone

amphibian

a member of the clade of tetrapods that includes salamanders, frogs, and caecilians

pharyngeal cleft

in chordate embryos, one of the grooves that separate a series of arches along the outer surface of the pharynx and may develop into a pharyngeal slit (2 words)

tetrapod

a vertebrate clade whose members have limbs with digits. _________ include mammals, amphibians, and birds and other reptiles

swim bladder

in aquatic osteichthyans, an air sac that enables the animal to control its buoyancy in the water (2 words)

chondrichthyan

a member of the clade ______________, vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, such as sharks and rays

lepiodsaur

a member of the reptilian group that includes lizards, snakes, and two species of New Zealand animals called tuataras

gnathostome

member of one of the two main clades of vertebrates; ____________ have jaws and include sharks and rays, ray finned fishes, coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

osteichthyan

a member of a vertebrate clade with jaws and mostly bony skeletons

endothermic

referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism. this heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment

monotreme

an egg-laying mammals, such as a platypus or echidna. like all mammals, __________ have hair and produce milk, but they lack nipples.

ectothermic

referring to organisms for which external sources provide most of the heat for temperature regulation

hominin

a group consisting of humans and the extinct species that are more closely related to us than chimpanzees

operculum

in aquatic osteichthyans, a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills

pharyngeal slit

in chordate embryos, one of the slits that form from the pharyngeal clefts and open into the pharynx, later developing into gill slits in many vertebrates (2 words)

amniotic egg

an egg that contains specialized membranes that function in protection, nourishment and gas exchange. the ________ ___ was a major evolutionary innovation, allowing embryos to develop on land in a fluid-filled sac, thus reducing the dependence of tetrapods on water for reproduction (2 words)

anthropoid

a member of a primate group made up of the monkeys and the apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans)

marsupial

a mammal, such as a koala, kangaroo, or opossum, whose young complete their embryotic development inside a maternal pouch called the ______ium

conodont

an early, soft-bodied vertebrate with prominent eyes and dental elements

viviparous

referring to a type of development in which the young are born alive after having been nourished in the uterus by blood from the placenta

ratite

a member of the group of flightless birds

paleoanthropology

the study of human orgins and evolution

acanthodian

any of a group of ancient jawed aquatic vertebrates from the Silurian and Devonian periods

eutherian

placental mammal; mammal whose young complete their embryotic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta

hagfish

marine jawless vertebrates that have highly reduced vertebrae and a skull made of cartilage; most _________ are bottom-dwelling scavengers

oviparous

referring to a type of development in which young hatch from eggs laid outside the mother’s body

tunicate

a member of the clade Urochordata, sessile marine chordates that lack a backbone