Medical Nutrition Therapy II - Musculoskeletal, Wasting, and Neurological Disorders

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) for musculoskeletal, wasting, and neurological disorders based on the provided lecture transcript.

Osteoporosis

A bone disease characterized by the loss of bone mass and deterioration of bone architecture, leading to compromised bone strength and higher susceptibility to fractures.

Kyphosis

A stooped-over posture, also known as dowager’s hump, which is a symptom of vertebral compression fractures.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

The diagnostic tool used to measure Bone Mineral Density (BMD) to classify normal bone mass, osteopenia, or osteoporosis.

T-score

The criteria for classifying Bone Mineral Density (BMD); normal is $-1.0$ or greater, osteopenia is between $-1.0$ and $-2.5$, and osteoporosis is $-2.5$ or less.

Rickets

A disease occurring during periods of bone growth characterized by insufficient mineralization of the organic matrix of the bones, usually due to Vitamin D deficiency.

Osteomalacia

A disease that develops after bone growth is complete, characterized by insufficient bone mineralization; suggested treatment includes $600\,IU$ of Vitamin D and $1500-2000\,mg$ of calcium.

Osteoarthritis

Also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, it is characterized by the degeneration of joint cartilage.

Rheumatoid Factor (RF)

An antibody found in about $80\%$ of people with Rheumatoid Arthritis used as a diagnostic blood marker.

Gout

An inflammatory disease caused by elevated serum uric acid leading to the formation of urate crystals in the synovial fluid.

Hyperuricemia

The elevation of uric acid caused by overproduction or inadequate elimination by the kidneys ($70\%$ is normally excreted via kidney).

Wasting

Unintentional weight loss and loss of lean body mass associated with increased risk of disease progression and mortality.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A retrovirus and causative agent of AIDS that enters and replicates in $CD4+$ cells, weakening the immune system.

Lipodystrophy

Altered distribution of fat (lipoma or benign tumors of fat) sometimes seen in HIV infection classification as Category 3.

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)

Medical management for HIV including over $25$ agents from six classes, such as Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and Protease Inhibitors (PIs).

Neoplasms

New growths that arise only in cells with the ability to proliferate, categorized as benign (slow-growing) or malignant (rapidly growing cancer).

TNM system

A cancer staging system based on T (tumor size), N (lymph nodes involvement), and M (metastasis or spread to distant sites).

Metaplasia

A sequence of neoplastic growth involving the replacement of one cell type with another.

Carcinogenesis

The process of cancer production consisting of initiation (cell mutation) and promotion (activation of dormant neoplastic cells).

Cachexia

A systemic effect of cancer treatment involving anorexia, tissue wasting, weakness, and impaired organ function.

Neutropenia

Low blood counts in cancer patients requiring strict food safety, such as avoiding raw eggs, unpasteurized beverages, and moldy foods.

Epilepsy

A chronic nervous disorder with periodic neuronal discharges in the brain causing loss of consciousness and convulsions.

Ketogenic Diet

A therapeutic diet for epilepsy consisting of a fat-to-carbohydrate ratio of $3:1$ or $4:1$ to produce ketosis for convulsion control.

Parkinson’s Disease

A progressive neuromuscular disease involving the loss of dopaminergic neurons and decreased dopamine in the basal ganglia.

Levodopa (L-Dopa)

A precursor of dopamine used to treat Parkinson's disease; dietary protein should be limited to $40$ to $50\,g/day$ to optimize its effects.

Alzheimer’s Disease

A degenerative disease of the cerebral cortex involving the loss of acetylcholine-containing neurons, primarily in the frontal lobe.

Multiple Sclerosis

A nervous system disease where myelin sheaths in the CNS degenerate and are replaced by scar tissue, characterized by exacerbations and remissions.

Myasthenia Gravis

An autoimmune disease where nerve impulses fail to cross the myoneural junction due to the deactivation of acetylcholine receptor sites.

Spasticity

A form of cerebral palsy characterized by hyperactive stretch reflexes, increased muscle tone, and muscle weakness.

Dyskinesia

Involuntary, uncontrolled, and purposeless movements often involving the face, neck, and trunk, commonly seen in cerebral palsy.

Ischemic Stroke

A type of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) that occurs when the brain's blood supply is suddenly interrupted.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A type of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) that occurs when a blood vessel bursts in the brain.

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)

Brief attacks of cerebral dysfunction of vascular origin with no persistent neurologic defect, serving as precursors to severe stroke.