L2: Cells

Label where the apical side, basal side, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, rough er, smooth er, Golgi complex, lysosome, and peroxisome are

What are 3 things the cell/ plasma membrane does

It separates the contents of a cell (intracellular) from its exterior environment (extracellular)

It provides a protective barrier around the cell

It regulates which materials can pass in our our of the cell.

What contributes to the fluidity of the plasma membrane

Cholesterol

Integral Proteins

Proteins embedded into the cell membrane and allow cells to move materials between the intracellular and extracellular environment and communicate with other cells

Peripheral Proteins

Proteins found on the inner or outer surface of either the lipid bilayer or a integral protein. These proteins typically preform a specific function for the cell

What is included in cytoplasm

Cytosol, Organelles, and the cytoskeleton

What is cytosol

The fluid component of the cytoplasm and is a jelly like substance

What is the cytoskeleton

A group of fibrous proteins ( microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) that helps the cell maintain their structural integrity

What are the three things cytoskeletal components critical for

Cell motility (movement), cell reproduction, and transportation of substances within the cell

Organelles: Nucleus

Contains the cell’s DNA and directs cellular functions

Organelles: Mitochondrion

Converts energy storage molecules into the major energy molecule, ATP, to power cellular function

Organelles: Ribosome

Protein synthesis

Organelles: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

Includes ribosomes for the synthesis and modification of proteins

Organelles: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

Lipid/fat synthesis

Organelles: Golgi apparatus (Golgi body)

Sorts, modifies, and ships products from the endoplasmic reticulum

Organelles: Lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes to break down materials

Organelles: Peroxisome

Contains enzymes key for lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification

What are the phases of the cell cycle

Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis

What is interphase

The period of the cell cycle during which the cell is not divided

What phase of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their time

Interphase

What is Mitosis

The division of genetic material during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new fully functional, nuclei are formed

What is cytokinesis

The division of cytoplasm into two distinctive cells

What is the phase where a cell grows and carriers out all normal metabolic functions and processes. Is also the most variable in duration

G1 phase ( gap 1 phase)

What is the phase where the cell replicates its DNA. Typically last between 8-10 hours

S phase (Synthesis phase)

What is the phase where the cell has a period of rapid growth as it continues to make the preparations for mitosis. It last around 5 hours

G2 phase ( Gap 2 phase)

What is the phase where the cells have either temporarily stopped dividing and are resting or have permanently stopped dividing

G0 phase ( The resting phase)

What is the order of Mitosis

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

PPMAT

How long does the miotic phase usually take

1-2 hours

What are the 5 things that happen during prophase

• Loosely packed Chromatin coils and condenses into visible chromosomes

  • (During prophase, each chromosome becomes visible with its identical partner attached forming the familiar x-shape of sister chromatids)

• The Nucleolus disappears

• The nuclear envelope disintegrates

• Centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell

• Microtubules /spindle fibers begin to extend from each centrosome

What are the things 3 that happen during prometaphase

• Chromosomes continue to condense

• Kinetochores appear at the centromeres

• Miotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores

What are the 2 things that happen during metaphase

• Chromosomes are lined up in the middle at the metaphase plate

• Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles/ sides.

What are the things 3 that happen during anaphase

• Centromeres spilt in two

• Sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles

• Certain spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell

What are the 4 things that happen during telophase

• Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles/ends and begin to decondense

  • turn into loosely packed chromatin

• Nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes

• The miotic spindle breaks down

• Spindle fibers continue to push poles apart

What happens during cytokinesis

• Animal Cells: A cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells by using a contractile band to squeeze the two cells apart

What miotic phase is being shown

Prophase

What miotic phase is being shown

Prometaphase

What miotic phase is being shown

Metaphase

What miotic phase is being shown

Anaphase

What miotic phase is being shown

Telophase

What phase is being shown

Cytokinesis

What phase is being shown

Prophase

What phase is being shown

Metaphase

What phase is being shown

Anaphase

What phase is being shown

Telophase/cytokinesis