Important LC - Eggs!

Parasitology, added some others ++

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Syphacia obvelata - Parasitic nematode

• 5 layers of shell?, crescent shaped, flattened on one side, unembryonated, S/M?, grey

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Aspiculuris tetraptera - parasitic roundworm, often found in intestines of lab mice

• oval, complex shell of 5 layers, unembryonated, grey, S. ?

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Hymenolepis nana - cestode

• oval, S (30-50 um), colorless shell/grey, embryonated,

can be in humans, rodents (mice, rats)

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Dicrocoelium dendriticum

• liver fluke, affecting primarily livestock

• Description: S, oval, asymmetric, 2 thin shells, embryoanated, brown - coffee bean with eyes. With operculum.

• Location: bile duct, gall bladder

Trematoda

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Fasciola hepatica

• liver fluke, infects livestock, causing fascioliasis

• Description: L, oval, symmetrical, 2 thin shells, unembryonated, yellow With operculum

• Location: Bile duct, liver

Trematoda

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Syngamus trachea “gapeworm” - primarily affects birds, causing resp. issues

• ellipsoidal shape, S (85-93um), red/brown, thick shells with 2 plugs at either ned, contains morula?

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Passalurus ambiguus - pinworm found in rabbits, linked with intestinal infections.

• M/L, oval, asymmatrical, mucoid plug at one pole, 2 thin shells, unembryonated, grey

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Oxyuris equi - equine pinworm, infests large intestine of horse

• Description: M, elliptical, 3 thick shells, unembryonated, light brown, unipolar plug

• Location: Large intestine

nematoda

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Toxascaris leonina - roundworm, infects dogs/cats

• description: M, spherical, 3 thick shells, unembryonated (1 light blastomere), light brown/pinkish/colorless

• Location: SI (EHP migration)

Nematoda

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Toxocara canis - roundworm in dogs

• Description: M, subspherical, 3 thick shells, unembryonated (1 dark blastomere), dark brown

• Location: SI (EHP migration)

Nematoda

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Toxocara vitullorum - roundworm, in cattle

• M, Spherical, 3 thick shells (rough surface), unembryonated (1 cell), dark brown

• location: SI (calf)

Nematoda

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Trichuris spp. - genus of roundworms, including whipworms parasitic in the intestines of many animals

• T. ovis, T. suis, T. vulpis

• M, lemon-shape, symmetrical, 2 thick shells, unembryonated, red-brown, 2 prominent pole plugs

• location: Large intestine

Nematoda (T. suis, T. vulpis (dog), T. campanula (cat), T. ovis (cattle, sheep, goat, ru), T. trichiura (humans)

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Capillaria spp. - genus of nematodes that infect urinary system of mammals

• M, barrel-shaped, asymmetrical, 2 thin shells, unembryonated, light brown/yellow-green, 2 flat polar plugs

• Location (depends on species):

  • Aerophilia: resp. system

  • Plica: bladder

  • Hepatica: liver

Nematoda

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Taenia spp. - genus of tapeworms (cestoda)

• S, rounded, 3 thick shells, embryonated, light-brown-gray

• Location: SI

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Dipylidium caninum - tapeworm, infests dogs/cats

• “egg packets” inside proglottids, usually containing clusters of eggs

• spherical, thin shelled, contains an oncosphere (hexacanth larvae) with six hooklets, brown.

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Parascaris equorum - roundworm

• M, spherical, 3 thick shells, unembryonated (1 blastomere), dark brown

• location: SI (EHP migration)

Nematoda

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Ascaris suum - roundworm (nematoda) - pigs

• M, spherical, 3 thick shells (rough surface), unembryonated (1 cell), brown

• Location: SI

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• Trichostrongylidae - family of nematodes that typ. infect the GIT of Ru. (many blastomeres)

• Eq: Strongylus spp. (few blastomeres)

• Su: Oesophagostomum spp. (many blastomeres)

• Ca: Ancylostoma caninum (4-8 blastomeres)

M, oval, symmetric, 2 thin shells, unembryonated, gray

• location: Large intestine

Nematoda

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Moniezia spp. - cestode, Ru

• Small ru: M. expansa

• Large Ru: M. benedeni

M, 3-4-5 angulate, 3 thick shells, embryonated (oncosphere), transparent/grey + pyriform apparatus.

• Location: SI

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Anoplocephala spp. - tapeworm genus (cestoda)

• M, 3-4-5 angulate, 3 thick shells, embryonated (oncosphere), transparent-grey/light brown + pyriform apparatus

• Location: Perfoliata - iliocecal junction, magna & mamillana - SI

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Nematodirus spp. - nematodes

• XL, oval, symmetric, 2 thin shells, unembryonated (8 dark blastomeres), gray

• Location: SI

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Strongyloides spp. - roundworms (nematode)

• S, oval, symmetric, 2 thin shells, embryonated (L1), transparent

• Location: SI

• Animal: Dog, cat, humans (stercoralis)

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Metastrongylus spp. - nematodes, infecting lungs of pigs (Lung worm)

• S, spherical, symmetrical, 2 thick shells, embryonated (L1), transparent

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Echinococcus - genus of tapeworms (cestode), causing hydatid disease in humans

• Large fluid like, produces multiple infective stages (protoscolies, invaginated scolices containing suckers, hooks)

• would maybe describe: S, rounded, 3 thick shells, embryonated, light-brown-gray

• fibrous capsule of host and parasite, germinal layer, daughter cyst, hydatid cyst with protoscolex.

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Proglottids of Dipylidium caninum

• such proglottids have two genital pores, one in the middle of each lateral margin.

• Proglottids may be passed singly or in chains, and sometimes can be seen from anus

• They are pumpkin-seed shaped when passed and often resemble rice grains when dried.

• Genital pores are visible in carmine-stained proglottid shown in picture

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Bursa copulatrix - bell shaped expansion of cuticle of tail of many male nematode worms - functioning as a copulatory structure.

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Ascaris suum (large roundworm - nematode) - of pig

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Toxocara canis - roundworm (nematode)

Which stage is this? (trematode developmental stage)

Cercariae (parthenogony)

Life cycle of?

Fasciola Hepatica - Trematode

Indirect, location: bile duct, liver

IH: water snail (lymnaeidae)

FH: Ru, eq, man

Process:

1. adults release unembryonated eggs → biliary ducts of FH → feces → water → embryonation

2. eggs release miracidia → infects freshwater snail (IH)

3. miracidia → sporocysts → rediae → cercariae

4. cercariae → into water → finds water plants to encyst to form metacercaria

5. Metacercaria (infective stage) → FH

6. After FH eats it → excyst in duodenum → intestine → liver parenchyma, develops into adults within bile ducts.

Life cycle of? what is the infective stage called?

Taenia saginata + cysticercus bovis

Taenia - Indirect LC, located in SI

• IH: Cattle (T. saginata)

• FH: humans

Process:

1. Eggs → feces from FH

2. Enters IH (cattle) → oncospheres released from egg → muscles

3. In muscle, develops into cysticercus bovis

4. FH eats infected uncooked/raw meat

5. parasite → SI → matures → released gravid proglottids with eggs by feces

Life cycle of? What is the name of metacestode stage?

Dipylidium caninum

• Indirect LC

• FH: dog, cat, wild canids, fox, humans

• Location: SI

• IH: fleas, louse

• Metacestode stage: Cysticercoid (infective stage)

Process:

1. Adult in FH → SI → gravid proglottids → sheds with eggs by feces

2. fleas ingest the eggs → egg develop into cysticercoid (infective larvae)

3. Flea larvae mature into adult → cysticercoid become infective

4. FH ingest flea → larva is released from flea → adult in intestine

life cycle of?

Hymenolepsis nana (of family Hymenolepididae) - cestode, cyclophyllidae

• FH: Rodents, humans

• IH: can complete cycle without IH, but can also have beetles, flea, insects as IH

• Location: SI

Process:

1. Direct cycle:

   • eggs ingested by humans

   • eggs release oncospheres → intestinal villi → develops into cysticercoids

   • cysticercoids → mature into adult → in SI → makes gravid proglottids → releasing eggs in feces

2. Indirect cycle (if IH is involved):

   • IH: eggs can be eated by arthropods like beetles or fleas → cysticercoids develops

   • humans get infected by eating these infected insects

life cycle of?

Strongylus spp. (strongylus vulgaris) - nematode

• Direct LC, located in large intestine (Colon, cecum)

• FH: horse

Process:

1. Eggs in feces, hatches in environment

2. Larva → L2 → L3

3. host ingest L3 larvae when grazing

4. Larvae → intestine → mucosa and molt into L4

5. L4 → small arteries → along endothelium to cranial mesenteric artery + branches

6. After few months → L5 and returns to intestinal wall

7. matures → eggs release with feces

Life cycle of?

Toxocara canis (canis as there is dog in pic)

• direct LC, located in SI, diagnostic stage - umebryonated eggs in feces, infective - embryonated egg with L3

• entero-hepato-pulmonal migration

• FH: car (canis - dog, cat - cati, leonina - both), accidentally man

• paratenic host: various small mammals, can be ingested by dogs (no development of parasite but remains infective)

Process:

1. eggs shed in feces of FH

2. eggs embryonate in environment with L3 larvae

3. Eggs ingested by host → can be FH (dog) or paratenic host (mouse, rabbit etc.)

4. In FH - larvae mature into adults in SI

5. vertical transmission: adults can be transmitted from mother to offspring

6. L3 larvae can get to other tissues → liver, lungs and brain

Life cycle of?

Dicrocoelium dendriticum (dicrocelidae spp.) - trematode

• Indirect LC, located in Bile ducts, gall bladder

• IH: 1st: land/terrestrial snail, 2nd: Ant

• FH: reptiles, birds, mammals

• infective: metacercariae

Process:

1. Eggs with miracidia in feces of FH (ru) → eggs eaten by 1st IH (snail)

2. miracidia → sporocyst → cercariae → respiratory chamber → shed from snail

3. ant eat slime ball with cercariae → intestine → metacercariae

4. FH eats ant, metacercariae excyst in SI. Worms migrate to bile duct and mature.

Life cycle of? What is the metacestode?

Taenia multiceps + coenurus cerebralis

• cyclophyllidae - cestode

• FH: Dog, fox, wild canids

• IH/larvocyste: Sheep, cattle, goat, pig, horse, deer, camel (coenurus cerebralis)

• Location: Brain, spinal cord

Process:

1. eggs shed in feces of infected FH

2. eggs are eaten by IH → oncospheres released in intestine → circulate in blood, until they find suitable organs → brain in this case (spinal cord, eyes also).

3. develops into coenurus cerebralis with protoscolices

4. FH becomes infected by ingesting tissue of an infected IH with the coenurus.

5. Protoscolices → attach to SI wall → adult cestodes in FH

6. Humans get infected after accidental ingstion of eggs in food/water.

coenurus: large fluid-filled bladder with invaginated scolices attached to wall.

Life cycle of?

Moniezia spp. - M. expansa/M. benedeni (Cyclophyllidea, cestode)

• in this case, it would be M. expansa as this is for small/young ru.

• While benedeni is typ. found in medium-large ru

• indirect LC, located in SI

• IH: oribatid mites (Oribatidae)

• FH: Ru

Process:

1. Eggs with oncosphere are released from FH → ingested by IH where they hatch into cysticercoid in the body cavity

2. FH ingest infected mite and the cysticercoid travel to SI where they mature into adults

Life cycle of?

Mesocestoides Lineatus (cyclophyllidea, cestode)

Indirect LC, 2 IH, Located in SI

• FH: dogs, cats, some wild canids

• 1st IH: arthropods, such as ants, beetles, oribatid mites etc. - cysticercoid develops here.

• 2nd IH: small vertebrates like reptiles, amphibians, birds and small mammals - Tetrahyridium.

Process:

1. 1st IH ingests eggs with oncosphere/proglottid → develops into cysticercoid

2. 2nd IH ingest infected arthropod with cysticercoid → tetrahyridium

3. FH ingest the IH → parasite travels to IH → matures → release gravid proglottids in the feces with many eggs.

life cycle of?

Schistosoma spp. (S. haematobium, Mansoni, japonicum) - trematode

• Indirect LC, located in Blood vessels

• IH: water snail

• FH: man

process:

1. eggs hatch into miracidium → IH → pathogony → sporocysts → cercaria with forked tail (furcocercaria) → exits

2. FH gets infected by furcocercaria → looses their tail and become schistosomulae → circulation → matures.

3. Worms migrate to mesenteric or vesicular veins depending on species.

   • S. mansoni: mesenteric veins of LI

   • S. haematobium: veins of bladder

   • S. japonicum: mesenteric veins of SI

4. Embryonated eggs with miracidium released by urine/feces.

Life cycle belongs to? what is the infective stage?

Trichuris vulpis

• Direct LC, located in large intestine

• FH: Ru, car, su, man (but here it is T. vulpis so FH is dog).

• infective: egg with L1 larvae and diagnostic: eggs

Process:

1. Unembryonated eggs are shed by host`s feces

2. L1 larvae develop inside the egg in the environment

3. Host ingest embryonated eggs

4. eggs hatch and L1 are released in the SI → large intestine (All 4 moults - happens)

5. The larvae matures into adults within LI → release eggs.

Life cycle of?

Echinococcus granulosus (also have E. multilocularis but not in this picture case though)

• indirect LC, located in liver, lung (both), SI of FH

  • multilocularis: heart, brain, lymph nodes, SI of FH (primarily liver, but widely also)

• IH: granulosus: RU (sheep, cattle, other livestock)

  • multilocularis: rodents

• FH: dogs, wolves, fox, dingoes

  • multilocularis: fox, dog, wild canids, racoons, cats

Process:

1. IH ingest embryonated eggs → hatch in SI and release oncospheres

2. oncospheres → through blood or via lymph to liver, lungs or other tissues → develops into hydatid cyst

3. cyst grows and releases brood capsules with scolices

   • multilocularis → develops into a multiocular or alveolar cyst here (metacestode stage)

4. FH ingest infected tissues with cysts

5. Scolices attach to intestinal mucosa in SI → matures and eggs are released with feces

Life cycle of?

Diphyllobothrium latum (pseudophyllidea, cestode)

• Indirect LC, located in SI

• IH: 1st: water arthropod, 2nd: fish

• FH: fish-eating mammals

• infective stage: plerocercoid for FH, procercoid for fish

Process:

1. eggs embryonate in water → coracidium hatches from eggs taken up by 1st IH

2. inside 1st IH, coracidium → procercoid larvae

3. fish ingest infected arthropod and the procercoid → plerocercoid larvae in the muscle

4. Small infected fish can be then eaten by a bigger carnivorous fish

5. FH eats raw/undercooked fish → plerocercoid develops into immature worm and then into mature adult in the SI

6. Unembryonated eggs release from proglottids with feces

FROM HERE - SOME EXTRA

Picture shows the scolex of which tapeworm?

Picture of hook, of Taenia solium (Scolex of tapeworm)

• kan være MC

this is picture of?

Larval stages of digenea (trematodes) - egg and redia

life cycle of?

Cyathostomum (or cyathostomins - broader term) - “small strongyles”, cycliocyclus

Nematode, from family Strongylidae.

• Direct LC, located in Large intestine of horses

Process:

1. Adult cyathostomins live in LI → eggs pass in feces (unembryonated)

2. larva develops within each egg, then hatches

3. released larva develops → moults twice to infective L3 stage.

4. Infection of horse is by ingestion of these larvae → mucosal migration → moults to L4 in LI

5. Larvae migrates to lumen → moults to L5/adult and release eggs in feces

What is the developmental stage in the picture? To which tape worm belongs?

Tetrahyridium, Mesocestoides lineatus

What is the developmental stage in the picture? Which parasites? (Indicate genus name)

• Furcocercariae (cercariae with forked tail)

• schistosoma genus

Eggs found in pig examination, name and describe

1. ascaris suum

   • M, spherical

   • 3 thick shells, rough surface

   • unembryonated (1 cell)

   • brown

2. Strongyloides ransomi/men ligner og på hyostrongulus rubidus

   • small, oval, symmetrical

   • 3 thick shells

   • unembryoanted + few blastomeres

   • grey color

life cycle of?

Ancylostoma caninum - hookworm (can see it is ancylostoma due to head of worm)

• FH: car, man

• Direct LC, located in SI

• infective stage: L3 eggs

• Infection by ingestion, per skin, and by transmammary, transplacental.

Process:

1. adult worms live in SI of dog → attach to intestinal wall and feeds on blood

2. eggs are passed in feces into environment

3. eggs develop and hatch → L1 released into the soil.

4. L1 → L2 → L3 developed

5. Infection happens by:

   • Dogs ingest L3 → SI (final moult happens here → adults)

   • Percutaneous infection - enters blood → lungs → coughed up and swallowed → SI

if cat: ancylostoma tubaeforme

life cycle of?

Ascaris Suum (nematode)

• Direct LC, located in SI

• Hepato-pulmonary passage of larvae after hatching

• Host: pig

Process:

1. Unembryonated eggs in feces

2. moults to L3 larvae (infective stage)

3. ingestion of infective egg by host

4. hatched larvae → invades intestinal mucosa → hepato-pulmonary migration (to lungs)

5. further maturation in lungs → swallowing of larvae → SI, develops into adult worms

life cycle of?

Anoplocephala spp. (Perfoliata + magna) - also paranoplocephala mamillana.

• Difference is that perfoliata is in SI and LI of horse, cysticercoid in oribatid mites. While magna is in SI of horses, scolex is small, no lappets.

• indirect LC, IH: oribatid mites, FH: horse

• infective stage: cysticercoid

Process:

1. grazing horse ingest mite infected with cysticercoid

2. Cysticercoid develops to adult in intestine of horse

3. gravid proglottids and embryonated eggs pass in horse feces

4. eggs eated by oribatid mites → cysticercoid develops here

5. mites crawl on vegetation → eaten by horse

This is?

Protostrongylus spp.

• pointed tail without spines, transparent body

which tapeworm is this?

Mesocestoides lineatus

which species is this?

Fasciola hepatica

which species is this?

Toxocara canis (10-15cm)

which species is this?

Toxocara cati (left)

Toxocara leonina (7-10cm) - right

which species? arrows? a, b?

Adult nematoda pig – Ascaris suum

Yellow arrow: rows of tiny denticles on inner surface of each lip;

Mouth opening has one dorsal lip (A) and two ventro-lateral lips (B)

which species?

trichuris suis (ringworm in goat)

which species?

Muellerius capillaris - can see that by looking at the tail. Diagnostics using larvascopy.

life cycle of?

Syngamus trachea (roundworm)

• FH: domestic fowl and game fowl

• direct or paratenic earthworm/slug

process:

• L1 → L3 in the egg, or a hatched L3 → ingestion by paratenic host → ingestion by FH

• L3 penetrate intestine and enter lungs → moults and completes it in the trachea.

eggs - sheep feces?

1. Moniezia expansa

   • M, embryonated, polyhedral shape, 3 thick shells, transparent.

2. nematodirus spp.

   • XL, oval, symmetric, 2 thin shells, unembryonated (8 dark blastomeres), gray

   • location: SI

these are?

1. cysticercus - taenidaee

2. coenurus - t. multiceps

3. echinococcus - with protoscolices, suckers, hooks

4. tetrahyridium - Mesocestoides Lineatus

5. cysticercoid - D. caninum, moniezia, anoplocephala

Mesocestode stages of cestodes (Cyclophyllidae)

life cycle of?

Dictyocaulus viviparus:

• FH: Horses, cattle, small ruminants and deer

• Location: Trachea and bronchi

Process:

• L1 larvae are passed in feces.

• L1 → L2 → L3 ➔ FH ingest free L3 larvae

• Penetrate intestinal walls and enter lymphatic vessels.

• Reaches mesenteric lymph gland.

• L3 → L4 ➔ L4 migrates to the lungs.

• Migrate through the parenchyma to the airways.

• L4 → Adult ➔ Adult lays eggs in the bronchi

• Eggs coughed up and swallowed. ➔ L1 hatch in the intestine