Milady- Basics of Chemistry

Chemistry

The science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changed under different conditions.

Organic chemistry

Study of substances that contain the element carbon. Flammable and will burn

All living things contain what

Carbon

Inorganic chemistry

The branch of chemistry dealing with compounds that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen. Not flammable and will not burn

Matter

Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight). Exists in solid, liquid, or gas

Element

Simplest form of all chemical matter. Cannot be broken down into simpler substance without loss of elasticity.

How many naturally occurring elements

90

Atoms

Particles from which all matter is composed. Smallest particle of an element.

Atoms consist of what

Protons, neutrons, electrons

Molecule

Formed by joining two or more atoms chemically

Elemental molecules

Contain two or more atoms of the same element that are united chemically.

Compound molecules or compounds

Chemical combinations of two or more atoms of different elements that unit chemically. Ex- sodium chloride (table salt)

3 states of matter

Solid, liquid, gas

Solid

Definite size (volume) and definite shape

Liquid

Definite size (volume) but not definite shape

Gas

Do not have definite size (volume) or shape

Physical properties

Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction that do not cause chemical change in the identity of the substance

Chemical properties

Characteristics that can be determined only with a chemical reaction and that cause a chemical change in identity of the substance

Oxidation

Chemical reaction. Addition of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen, creates a chemical change in identity of substance

Physical change

Change in form or physical properties of substance without formation of new substance. No chemical reaction involved, no new chemicals formed. Ex: change in state of matter. Solid ice cube melting into liquid

Chemical change

Change in chemical composition of substance which a new substance(s) firms having properties different from original. Ex: oxidation of a chemical reaction causes chemical change

Chemical compounds

Combination of two or more atoms of different elements united chemically with a fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties.

Physical mixtures

Combination of two or more substances that are united physically, in any proportions with combined properties

Hydrogen (H)

Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas and is lightest element. Flammable and explosive when mixed with air

Oxygen (O)

Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas and most abundant on earth. 1/2 earths crust, 90% water. Chief characteristic is ability to support combustion

Nitrogen (N)

Colorless, gaseous. Makes up 4/5 of air and found chiefly in form of ammonia and nitrates

Air

Gaseous mixture that makes up earths atmosphere. Odorless, colorless, consists of 1 part O and 4 parts N by volume.

Water

Most abundant of all substances. 75% of earths surface and 65% of human body. Seldom pure, natural spring contains dissolved minerals, bacteria ect.

Hydrogen Peroxide

Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen. Colorless liquid, characteristic Oder and slightly acid taste. Can be use as antiseptic

pH (potential hydrogen)

Substance relative degree of acidity or alkalinity and measured 0-14. Represents the quantity of hydrogen ions

pH scale

7- neutral. Below 7 is an acidic solution. Above 7 is an alkaline solution

Ion

Atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge

Ionization

Causes an atom or molecule to spilt in two, creating a new pair of ions with opposite electrical charges

Anion

Ion with negative electrical charge

Cation

Ion with positive electrical charge

Acids

pH below 7.0, taste sour and turn litmus paper blue to red

Alkalis (bases)

pH above 7.0, taste bitter and turn litmus paper red to blue

Natural pH of skin is slightly acidic at what

5.5

Acid mantle

Protective barrier function against certain forms of Bactria and microorganisms

Acid-alkali neutralization reaction

When acid is mixed with alkali in equal proportions to neutralize each other and form water and salt

Oxidation-reduction (redox)

Chemical reaction where oxidizing agent is reduced and reducing agent is oxidized.

What does oxidizing agent release

Oxygen

Reduction

Subtraction of oxygen or addition of hydrogen

Redox reaction

Chemical reaction from reduction

Combustion

Rapid oxidation of substance, accompanied by production of heat and light

Antioxidants

Used to stabilize skin care products by preventing oxidation that would otherwise cause product to turn rancid and decompose

Antioxidants prevent oxidation by neutralizing what

Free radicals

Oxidize

Combine or cause a substance to combine with oxygen

Solutions

Uniform mixture of two or more mutually miscible substances

Solute

Any substance that is dissolved by a solvent to for a solution

Solvent

Any substance that dissolves the solute to form solution

Miscible

Liquids are mutually soluble. Ex: alcohol and wafer

Immiscible

Liquids are not mutually soluble. Ex: water and oil

Suspensions

Unstable mixtures of two or more immiscible substances. Differ from size of particles. Large enough to be seen with naked eye, usually transparent and may be colored. Can separate over time

Emulsions

Mixtures of two or more immiscible substances United with aid of an emulsifier (to form an emulsion) with one liquid dispersed in another

Surfactants

Used to emulsify oil and water to create an emulsion. Surface active agent. 2 distinct parts (hydrophilic and lipophilic)

Hydrophilic

Water loving end of surfactant

Lipophilic

Oil loving end of surfactant

Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion

Droplets of oil are dispersed in water. Small amount of oil and greater amount of water. Salons and spas primarily use.

Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion

Droplets of water are dispersed in oil. Smaller amount of water and greater amount of oil.