Treatment Unit 12

active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies - part of client-centered therapy

antianxiety drugs

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

antidepressant drugs

Drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

antipsychotic drugs

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

applied behavior analysis

Variations of applied behavior analysis may be used clinically as treatment for abnormal or problematic behaviors.

aversion therapies

Includes counterconditioning techniques that associate an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) as well as operant techniques designed to discourage unhelpful behaviors

behavior therapy

Applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

biofeedback

A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

biomedical therapy

Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

client-centered/person-centered therapy

A non-directive form of talk therapy where a client acts as an equal partner in the therapy process while the therapist remains non-directive—they don't pass judgment on one's feelings or offer suggestions or solutions

cognitive restructuring

A therapy that strives to help clients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality

cognitive therapy

Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

cognitive triad

A thought that a set of three beliefs characterize major depressive episodes - negative beliefs about the self, the world, and the future.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

counterconditioning

Uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

cultural humility

an ongoing process of self-exploration and self-critique combined with a willingness to learn from others

Deinstitutionalization

the process, begun in the late 20th century, of moving people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities

dialectical behavior therapy

a flexible, stage-based therapy that combines principles of behavior therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, and mindfulness. It establishes a "dialectic" between helping individuals to accept the reality of their lives and their own behaviors on the one hand and helping them learn to change their lives, including dysfunctional behaviors, on the other.

dream interpretation

A psychoanalytic technique in which the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams.

DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

The apa's diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders - widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

eclectic approach

Uses techniques from various forms of therapy

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

exposure therapies

Behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to things they fear and avoid; they include strategies like systematic desensitization and flooding

fidelity

Psychologists are ethically obligated to establish relationships of trust with clients and/or research subjects.

free association

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

group therapy

Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

hypnosis

This has shown effectiveness in treating pain and anxiety, but does not is not supported to retrieve accurate memories or regress in age

integrity

Psychologists have an ethical obligation to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology.

lesioning

Tissue destruction of the brain, this may occur naturally (from disease or trauma), during surgery, or experimentally (using electrodes to destroy brain cells)

lithium

a medication used to treat bipolar disorders; its mechanism of action remains unclear

lobotomy

A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients - cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

meta-analysis

A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

nonmaleficence

Psychologists are ethically obligated to avoid and/or minimize psychological or physical harm that may come to clients or subjects

psychiatrist

A doctor of medicine who deals with psychological disorders who can provide medical treatment in addition to psychotherapy.

psychoactive medication

Drugs such as antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, or antipsychotic medications which interact with specific neurotransmitters in the CNS to address possible causes of psychological disorders; also known as psychotropic medications

psychodynamic therapy

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

psychosurgery

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

psychotherapy

Consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

psychotropic medication

Drugs such as antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, or antipsychotic medications which interact with specific neurotransmitters in the CNS to address possible causes of psychological disorders; also known as psychoactive medications

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by albert ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

respect for people's rights and dignity

Psychologists are ethically obligated to respect the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. They are aware of and respect cultural and individual differences

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli using an anxiety hierarchy created cooperatively with the patient

tardive dyskinesia

Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongus, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

therapeutic alliance

A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

token economy

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange that tokens for various privileges or treats

unconditional positive regard

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which carl rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance