IB Geography Key Terms Vocabulary Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary terms from IB Geography Units 1-3.

Ageing Population

A population structure where the proportion of people aged 65+ is high and rising, caused by increasing life expectancy.

Pro-natalist

A policy aimed at increasing the number of babies being born, e.g., Singapore and France.

Anti-natalist

A policy aimed to reduce the number of babies being born, e.g., China's One Child Policy.

Anti-trafficking

The collective international effort to reduce trafficking, with the main EU instrument being Directive 2011/36/EU.

Gender Inequality

A measurement of gender disparity quantified by the gender inequality index introduced in the 2010 human development report.

Crude Birth Rate

The number of live births per 1,000 people per year in a region.

Crude Death Rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year in a region (a measure of mortality).

Demographic Dividend

Benefits brought about by a particular type of population structure, framing the economic discussion.

Greenhouse Effect

The natural process that warms the earth's surface due to incoming solar radiation and absorption by greenhouse gases.

Climate Change

Any long-term trend or movement in climate detected by a sustained shift in the average value for climatic elements.

Greenhouse Gases

Atmospheric gases that absorb infrared radiation, causing world temperatures to be warmer.

Carbon Footprint per Capita

The amount of carbon dioxide emissions an average person in a country is responsible for.

Feedback Loops

Positive feedback loops amplify changes while negative feedback loops counteract changes.

Solar Radiation Variations

Changes in the amount of solar radiation entering Earth's atmosphere due to various natural and anthropogenic factors.

Global Dimming

Suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere that can reflect solar energy back into space, cooling the Earth.

Low Income Countries

Countries with a per capita income of less than $1,025.

Middle Income Countries

Countries with a per capita income between $1,026 and $12,475.

High Income Countries

Countries with a per capita income over $12,476.

Voluntary Internal Migration

Rural to urban migration within the core-periphery system, leading to urbanization.

Core Periphery Patterns

The uneven spatial distribution of national population and wealth between regions.

Megacity

A place that is home to 10 million people or more, e.g., Tokyo and Mexico City.

Natural Increase

The difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate recorded as net change per 1,000 people.

Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman gives birth to during her lifetime.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a member of a society can be expected to live, measured from birth.

Population Structure

The makeup of a population in terms of age, gender, and other selected criteria.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of people who are not in the labor force (dependent) to those who are (productive).

Forced Migration

People are forced to leave their homes due to conflict, land grabbing, and climate change.

Internal Displacement

The forced movement of people within the same country.

Push Factors

Reasons that compel people to leave an area, often due to negative conditions.

Pull Factors

Reasons that attract people to move to a new area, often due to positive conditions.

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births per year.

Next Eleven (N11)

Countries with potentially fast-growing economies: Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Turkey, South Korea, and Vietnam.

Carbon Emission

The release of carbon compounds into the atmosphere, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels.

New Global Middle Class

People globally defined as having an annual income between US$3,600 and US$36,500.

Embedded Water

A measure of the amount of water used in the production and transport of food and commodities.

Food Security

When all people have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food.

Neo-Malthusian

A perspective represented by the Club of Rome's work showing resource availability collapse leading to population decline.

Resource Stewardship

An approach to resource management viewing humans as caretakers of the natural world.

Circular Economy

An approach to business aiming to maximize resource use and eliminate waste.

Linear Economy

A system that uses resources wastefully and leads to waste at landfill after use.

UN Sustainable Development Goals

A set of 17 interrelated goals established to guide global development toward sustainability by 2030.