Philippine History: Controversies and Monastic Supremacy

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering key controversies and concepts in Philippine history, including the First Mass, Cavite Mutiny, Rizal's retraction, the Cry of the Revolution, Monastic Supremacy, and Land Reform.

Mazaua

The island identified in Antonio Pigafetta's journal as the site of the first documented Catholic Mass in the Philippines on March 31, $1521$.

Fr. Pedro de Valderrama

The chaplain of the expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan who conducted the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines.

Antonio Pigafetta

An eyewitness and chronicler of Magellan’s expedition whose journal identified the location of the first Mass as Mazaua.

Francisco Albo

A navigator of the Magellan expedition whose logbook supports the identification of Mazaua as an island with coordinates matching present-day Limasawa.

Limasawa

The location in Southern Leyte officially recognized by the Philippine government since $1921$ as the site of the $1521$ Easter Sunday Mass.

Mutiny

A rebellion or uprising, especially by soldiers or workers, against their own leaders or authority.

Cavite Arsenal

A Spanish naval shipyard where a short-lived uprising of Filipino soldiers and workers occurred on January 20, $1872$.

Jose Montero y Vidal

A Spanish historian who interpreted the Cavite Mutiny as a major, planned conspiracy involving lawyers, soldiers, and the native clergy.

Rafael de Izquierdo

The Spanish Governor-General who blamed the Cavite Mutiny on a widespread insurrection aimed at eliminating Spanish officials and friars.

Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

A Filipino scholar who argued that the Cavite Mutiny was a local protest by workers against the abolition of their privileges.

GOMBURZA

The collective name for priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, who were executed as martyrs following the Cavite Mutiny.

Poloy servicio

The Spanish term for forced labor; the loss of exemption from this labor was a key cause of worker protests in the Cavite Arsenal.

Retraction

A public statement that withdraws, cancels, denies, or reverses a previous statement or belief.

Jose Rizal's Retraction

A controversial document allegedly signed on December 29, $1896$, in which Rizal purportedly returned to the Catholic faith and rejected Masonry.

Freemasonry (Masonry)

A worldwide fraternal organization that promotes brotherhood and moral uprightness, which the Spanish friars viewed as an enemy of the Church.

Fr. Vicente Balaguer

The Jesuit priest whose testimony claimed that Rizal signed a retraction document and married Josephine Bracken before his execution.

Pious fraud

The term used by historian Rafael Palma to describe the story of Jose Rizal's retraction, which he believed was fabricated.

Cry (el grito de rebelión)

A symbolic public declaration of resistance against Spanish colonial rule, marking the beginning of the Philippine Revolution in $1896$.

KKK (Katipunan)

The secret revolutionary society established on July 7, $1892$, with the primary goal of gaining independence from Spain through armed revolution.

Cedulas personales

Community tax certificates required by the Spanish government; tearing them symbolized the rejection of Spanish authority.

Dr. Pio Valenzuela

A close friend of Andres Bonifacio and member of the Katipunan whose conflicting accounts placed the 'Cry' in both Balintawak and Pugad Lawin.

Lakambini of the Katipunan

The title given to Gregoria de Jesus, the wife of Andres Bonifacio and custodian of the organization's documents.

Monastic Supremacy

The strong control and influence of Spanish friars over religion, education, politics, and the economy in the Philippines.

Patronato Real

Also known as Royal Patronage, this system merged Church and State, granting the Spanish king authority over church matters in the colonies.

Regular Priests

Priests belonging to religious orders who followed vows of poverty, celibacy, and obedience.

Plaridel

The pen name of Marcelo H. del Pilar, a leading Filipino reformist, lawyer, and journalist.

Dasalan at Tocsohan

A satirical work by Marcelo H. del Pilar that criticized the abuses and hypocrisy of the Spanish friars.

Laletraconsangreentra

A phrase meaning 'the letter enters with blood,' reflecting the harsh discipline used in Spanish colonial education.

Land Reform

The redistribution of land from landowners to tenant farmers, focusing specifically on land ownership.

Agrarian Reform

The rectification of the entire agricultural system, including land ownership, support services, credit, and infrastructure.

Encomienda System

A Spanish system of royal land grants given to officials or soldiers as rewards for their service.

Maura Decree

A Spanish law that required landowners to register their land within one year to prove legal ownership.

Inquilinos System

A system where religious orders owned large estates and Filipinos worked as tenant farmers, paying rent or a share of the harvest.

Torrens System

The registration system introduced by the American colonial government that required the Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT).

CARP (RA $6657$)

The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program established in $1988$, which covered all agricultural lands with a $5\,\text{hectare}$ retention limit.