Organic Biological Compounds Overview

Organic

Has a carbon skeleton and has hydrogen bonded to carbons.

Inorganic

Carbon dioxide and molecules without both Carbon and Hydrogen.

Biological molecules (polymers)

Includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

Most important energy source for many organisms.

Lipids

Fats that are not hydrophilic and water insoluble.

Proteins

Made of amino acids, with 20 different kinds.

Amino acids

Make up proteins and include types like cysteine.

Enzyme

A protein that acts as a catalyst, using less energy and speeding up reactions.

Dehydration synthesis

Taking out water atoms to create an individual water atom which is released.

Hydrolysis

Adding water to covalent bond to split it apart.

Monosaccharides

One part sugars, examples include fructose and glucose.

Disaccharides

Two part sugars, examples include sucrose and lactose.

Polysaccharides

Formed by monosaccharides linked together, examples include glycogen and starch.

Triglyceride

3 fatty acids and glycerol, a type of lipid.

Phospholipid

Form plasma membrane around cell, made of 2 fatty acids and glycerol.

Nucleic acids

Include DNA and RNA, made of nucleotides.

DNA

Contains genetic information and instructions.

RNA

Involved in protein synthesis.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, used for energy.

Primary structure

Sequence of amino acids connected together in a protein by peptide bonds.

Secondary structure

Helical structure made by hydrogen bonds.

Tertiary structure

Complex foldings of protein chain held together by disulfide bridges and hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions.

Quaternary structure

Found where multiple protein chains are linked together by hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges.

Denatured proteins

Proteins that are deformed and don't function as intended.

Hydrogenation

Adding hydrogen to unsaturated fat, creating trans fat.