Ap HuG units 1-5

Scale of Analysis

The level at which data is analyzed, such as local, regional, national, or global.

Formal (Uniform) Region

A region defined by shared characteristics, such as language, climate, or political boundaries.

Functional (Nodal) Region

A region organized around a central hub or focal point, often linked by transportation, communication, or economic activities.

Perceptual (Vernacular) Region

A region defined by people's perceptions and cultural identity, often subjective and varying by individual.

Spatial Perspective

The study of patterns and processes on Earth's surface, focusing on where things occur and why.

Density

The frequency with which something exists within a defined space.

Time-Space Compression

The reduction in the time it takes for people, goods, or ideas to travel across distances due to advancements in technology and transportation.

Environmental Determinism

The belief that physical environments shape human behaviors, cultures, and societal development.

Possibilism

The belief that humans can adapt and modify their environment to overcome physical limitations.

Cartographic/Map Scale

The ratio between distances on a map and the actual distances on Earth.

World System Theory

A model dividing the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery regions, based on economic and political power.

Sustainable Development

Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

Distance-Decay

The principle that interactions between two places decrease as the distance between them increases.

Choropleth Map

A map that uses colors or shading to represent data.

Isoline Map

A map that uses lines to connect points of equal value.

Dot Distribution Map

A map that uses dots to show the presence or frequency of a feature.

Proportional Symbol Map (Graduated Symbol Map)

A map that uses symbols of varying sizes to represent data magnitude.

Cartogram

A map in which size is distorted to reflect data values.

Map Projection (Map Distortion)

A method of representing Earth's surface on a flat map, often causing distortion of shape, size, or distance.

Mercator Projection

A map projection preserving direction but distorting size, especially near the poles.

Robinson Projection (Compromise Projection)

A projection balancing size and shape, with moderate distortions of both.

GIS (Geographic Information System)

A system for collecting, analyzing, and displaying spatial data.

GPS (Global Positioning System)

A satellite-based system used to determine precise location.

Remote Sensing

The gathering of information about Earth's surface using satellites or aircraft.

Qualitative Data

Non-numeric data describing qualities or characteristics.

Quantitative Data

Numeric data used for analysis and statistics.

Census

A systematic collection of demographic and other population-related data.

Topography

The physical features and elevation of the land.

Absolute Distance/Location/Direction

A fixed, measurable description of location or direction, often expressed in coordinates or exact measurements.

Relative Distance/Location/Direction

Describes location or direction in relation to another place, often more subjective or descriptive.

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land.

Arithmetic Density

The total population divided by total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of arable land.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population an environment can sustainably support.

Dependency Ratio

The proportion of dependents (young and old) to the working-age population.

Dispersal Patterns

Patterns of distribution of objects, including Uniform, Clustered, Linear, and Random.

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in a population.

Demographics

Statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and income.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1,000 people per year.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

Population Pyramids

Graphs showing the age and gender distribution of a population.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference between birth and death rates, excluding migration.

Doubling Time

The time it takes for a population to double in size.

Malthus

The theory that population growth would outpace food supply, leading to crises.

Neo-Malthusians

Advocates for population control to prevent resource depletion.

Boserup

The theory that population growth drives agricultural innovation and increases food production.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model showing population changes through stages of economic development.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model linking health improvements to demographic changes, showing shifts from infectious to chronic diseases.

Antinatalist Policies

Policies designed to reduce birth rates.

Pronatalist Policies

Policies designed to encourage higher birth rates.

Emigration

The act of leaving one's country to settle in another.

Immigration

The act of entering a new country to live.

Net Migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a region.

Gravity Model

A theory predicting migration flows based on population size and distance.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of principles explaining migration patterns, such as most migrants moving short distances.

Push Factor

A reason that motivates people to leave their current location.

Pull Factor

A reason that attracts people to a new location.

Voluntary Migration

Migration by choice, often for economic or social reasons.

Forced Migration

Migration compelled by coercion, conflict, or environmental disasters.

Transnational Migration

Migration across national boundaries while maintaining connections to the home country.

Internal Migration

Movement within a country.

Friction of Distance

The difficulty and effort required to move over long distances.

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of people with their livestock between grazing areas.

Chain Migration

Migration following family or community members to a new location.

Step Migration

Migration occurring in stages, from smaller to larger settlements.

Intervening Obstacle

A barrier to migration, such as physical or political challenges.

Intervening Opportunity

An opportunity that arises along the migration path, altering the destination.

Guest Workers

Migrants temporarily working in another country.

Circular Migration

Repeated migration between home and work locations.

Refugees

People fleeing conflict, persecution, or disasters in their home country.

Asylum

Protection granted to individuals fleeing persecution.

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

People displaced within their own country.

Human Trafficking

The illegal trade of humans for exploitation.

Repatriate

Returning migrants or refugees to their home country.

Skills Gap

A mismatch between workers' skills and job requirements.

Remittance

Money sent by migrants to their home country.

Brain Drain

The emigration of skilled professionals from their home country.

Artifacts

Objects made by humans that give clues about a culture, like tools, clothing, or buildings.

Sociofacts

Social structures and relationships that organize a society, like family, government, and education.

Mentifacts

Cultural beliefs, values, or ideas, like freedom, religion, or tradition, that define a society's mindset.

Popular Culture

Widespread, mainstream cultural practices and items, often influenced by media and trends.

Traditional Culture

Long-established customs and ways of life passed down within a culture over generations.

Cultural Norms

Shared rules or standards that dictate acceptable behavior within a society.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others, often leading to judgment of other cultures.

Cultural Landscape

The visible features of a place shaped by human activity, like cities, farms, and monuments.

Sequent Occupance

The idea that different groups leave cultural imprints on a place over time, shaping its history.

Ethnicity

A group identity based on shared cultural traits, language, or ancestry.

Ethnic Neighborhoods

Areas within cities where people of similar ethnicity or culture live together.

Toponyms

Place names that often reflect the culture or history of an area.

Gendered Spaces

Places designed or associated with specific genders, like restrooms or certain workplaces.

Third Place

A social space outside of home and work, like cafes or parks, where people gather and interact.

Dialects

Regional or social variations of a language with distinct pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar.

Adherents

People who follow or support a particular religion, belief, or philosophy.

Denominations

Distinct groups within a religion, often with unique beliefs or practices, like Catholicism in Christianity.

Sect

A smaller religious group that has split from a larger denomination, often with unique practices.

Centripetal Forces

Factors that unite people within a society, like shared culture or language.

Centrifugal Forces

Factors that divide people in a society, like political disagreements or social inequality.