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Scale of Analysis
The level at which data is analyzed, such as local, regional, national, or global.
Formal (Uniform) Region
A region defined by shared characteristics, such as language, climate, or political boundaries.
Functional (Nodal) Region
A region organized around a central hub or focal point, often linked by transportation, communication, or economic activities.
Perceptual (Vernacular) Region
A region defined by people's perceptions and cultural identity, often subjective and varying by individual.
Spatial Perspective
The study of patterns and processes on Earth's surface, focusing on where things occur and why.
Density
The frequency with which something exists within a defined space.
Time-Space Compression
The reduction in the time it takes for people, goods, or ideas to travel across distances due to advancements in technology and transportation.
Environmental Determinism
The belief that physical environments shape human behaviors, cultures, and societal development.
Possibilism
The belief that humans can adapt and modify their environment to overcome physical limitations.
Cartographic/Map Scale
The ratio between distances on a map and the actual distances on Earth.
World System Theory
A model dividing the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery regions, based on economic and political power.
Sustainable Development
Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.
Distance-Decay
The principle that interactions between two places decrease as the distance between them increases.
Choropleth Map
A map that uses colors or shading to represent data.
Isoline Map
A map that uses lines to connect points of equal value.
Dot Distribution Map
A map that uses dots to show the presence or frequency of a feature.
Proportional Symbol Map (Graduated Symbol Map)
A map that uses symbols of varying sizes to represent data magnitude.
Cartogram
A map in which size is distorted to reflect data values.
Map Projection (Map Distortion)
A method of representing Earth's surface on a flat map, often causing distortion of shape, size, or distance.
Mercator Projection
A map projection preserving direction but distorting size, especially near the poles.
Robinson Projection (Compromise Projection)
A projection balancing size and shape, with moderate distortions of both.
GIS (Geographic Information System)
A system for collecting, analyzing, and displaying spatial data.
GPS (Global Positioning System)
A satellite-based system used to determine precise location.
Remote Sensing
The gathering of information about Earth's surface using satellites or aircraft.
Qualitative Data
Non-numeric data describing qualities or characteristics.
Quantitative Data
Numeric data used for analysis and statistics.
Census
A systematic collection of demographic and other population-related data.
Topography
The physical features and elevation of the land.
Absolute Distance/Location/Direction
A fixed, measurable description of location or direction, often expressed in coordinates or exact measurements.
Relative Distance/Location/Direction
Describes location or direction in relation to another place, often more subjective or descriptive.
Agricultural Density
The number of farmers per unit of arable land.
Arithmetic Density
The total population divided by total land area.
Physiological Density
The number of people per unit of arable land.
Carrying Capacity
The maximum population an environment can sustainably support.
Dependency Ratio
The proportion of dependents (young and old) to the working-age population.
Dispersal Patterns
Patterns of distribution of objects, including Uniform, Clustered, Linear, and Random.
Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in a population.
Demographics
Statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and income.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The number of live births per 1,000 people per year.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.
Life Expectancy
The average number of years a person is expected to live.
Population Pyramids
Graphs showing the age and gender distribution of a population.
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
The difference between birth and death rates, excluding migration.
Doubling Time
The time it takes for a population to double in size.
Malthus
The theory that population growth would outpace food supply, leading to crises.
Neo-Malthusians
Advocates for population control to prevent resource depletion.
Boserup
The theory that population growth drives agricultural innovation and increases food production.
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
A model showing population changes through stages of economic development.
Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)
A model linking health improvements to demographic changes, showing shifts from infectious to chronic diseases.
Antinatalist Policies
Policies designed to reduce birth rates.
Pronatalist Policies
Policies designed to encourage higher birth rates.
Emigration
The act of leaving one's country to settle in another.
Immigration
The act of entering a new country to live.
Net Migration
The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a region.
Gravity Model
A theory predicting migration flows based on population size and distance.
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
A set of principles explaining migration patterns, such as most migrants moving short distances.
Push Factor
A reason that motivates people to leave their current location.
Pull Factor
A reason that attracts people to a new location.
Voluntary Migration
Migration by choice, often for economic or social reasons.
Forced Migration
Migration compelled by coercion, conflict, or environmental disasters.
Transnational Migration
Migration across national boundaries while maintaining connections to the home country.
Internal Migration
Movement within a country.
Friction of Distance
The difficulty and effort required to move over long distances.
Transhumance
Seasonal movement of people with their livestock between grazing areas.
Chain Migration
Migration following family or community members to a new location.
Step Migration
Migration occurring in stages, from smaller to larger settlements.
Intervening Obstacle
A barrier to migration, such as physical or political challenges.
Intervening Opportunity
An opportunity that arises along the migration path, altering the destination.
Guest Workers
Migrants temporarily working in another country.
Circular Migration
Repeated migration between home and work locations.
Refugees
People fleeing conflict, persecution, or disasters in their home country.
Asylum
Protection granted to individuals fleeing persecution.
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
People displaced within their own country.
Human Trafficking
The illegal trade of humans for exploitation.
Repatriate
Returning migrants or refugees to their home country.
Skills Gap
A mismatch between workers' skills and job requirements.
Remittance
Money sent by migrants to their home country.
Brain Drain
The emigration of skilled professionals from their home country.
Artifacts
Objects made by humans that give clues about a culture, like tools, clothing, or buildings.
Sociofacts
Social structures and relationships that organize a society, like family, government, and education.
Mentifacts
Cultural beliefs, values, or ideas, like freedom, religion, or tradition, that define a society's mindset.
Popular Culture
Widespread, mainstream cultural practices and items, often influenced by media and trends.
Traditional Culture
Long-established customs and ways of life passed down within a culture over generations.
Cultural Norms
Shared rules or standards that dictate acceptable behavior within a society.
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's own culture is superior to others, often leading to judgment of other cultures.
Cultural Landscape
The visible features of a place shaped by human activity, like cities, farms, and monuments.
Sequent Occupance
The idea that different groups leave cultural imprints on a place over time, shaping its history.
Ethnicity
A group identity based on shared cultural traits, language, or ancestry.
Ethnic Neighborhoods
Areas within cities where people of similar ethnicity or culture live together.
Toponyms
Place names that often reflect the culture or history of an area.
Gendered Spaces
Places designed or associated with specific genders, like restrooms or certain workplaces.
Third Place
A social space outside of home and work, like cafes or parks, where people gather and interact.
Dialects
Regional or social variations of a language with distinct pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar.
Adherents
People who follow or support a particular religion, belief, or philosophy.
Denominations
Distinct groups within a religion, often with unique beliefs or practices, like Catholicism in Christianity.
Sect
A smaller religious group that has split from a larger denomination, often with unique practices.
Centripetal Forces
Factors that unite people within a society, like shared culture or language.
Centrifugal Forces
Factors that divide people in a society, like political disagreements or social inequality.
