Anatomy 1-3 - Levels of Organization: Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems

Cell

Cellula

(Is comprised of cytoplasm, nucleus, and a cell membrane.)

Osteoblasts

Osteoblastus

(Are relatively active and secrete the collagenous fibers and the amorphic glucoproteinaceous ground substance.)

Osteocytes

Osteocytus

(Are relatively sedentary cells (inactive osteoblasts) that are entrapped in the extracellular matric (within osseous lacunae),)

Osteoclasts

Osteoclastus

(Are large, multinucleated cells that are active in bone reabsorption.)

Tissue

Textus

(Is composed of groups of similar kinds of cells and their extracellular products. There are four basic types of tissue.)

Muscle Tissue

Texus Muscularis

(Contractile tissue.)

Epithelial Tissue

Textus Epithelialis

(Tissue that covers parts of teh body and some tissues that secretes.)

Nervous Tissue

Textus Nervosus

(Conducting Tissue.)

Connective Tissue

Textus Connectivus

(Uniting tissue.)

Bone Tissue

Textus Osseous

(Is one of the specialized connective tissues. It consists of bone cells, and an extracellular matrix composed of fibers, ground substances, and mineral.)

Organs

Organa

(Specific parts of the body formed by two or more tissues.)

Femur Bone, Thigh Bone, Bone of the Thigh

Os Femoris

(The most proximal long bone in the inferior limb (and the longest bone in the body). It forms the skeleton of the thigh.)

Systems

Systemata

(Groups of two or more organs with structural and functional interrelationships form systems. Systems can be grouped together in several different ways, i.e., ten systems if the urinary, male and female reproductive systems are grouped together as one system (urogenital system) or twelve anatomical body systems (each system by itself).)

Digestive System

Oral cavity, teeth, tongue, gullet, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory digestive organs (salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).

Respiratory System

Nose, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Urinary System

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Female Reproductive System, Female Genital System

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva.

Male Reproductive System, Male Genital System

Testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, penis, and accessory sex glands (prostate, seminal glands, and bulbourethral glands.

Cardiovascular System

Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood (the only liquid tissue is also a major component of this system). Sometimes referred to as the circulatory system.

Nervous System

Brain, spinal chord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.

Lymphatic or Lymphoid System

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic capillaries, thymus, spleen, tonsils, and subepithelial aggregations of lymphatic nodules.

Endocrine System

The hormone-producing organs including the pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and adrenal gland as well as groups of hormone-producing cells in several other body organs.

Integumentary System

Skin (and associated glands, hair, and nails

Muscular System

Skeletal muscles (for example, biceps, brachii muscle, rectus femoris muscle).

Skeletal System

Bones (humerus, radius, femur bone), joints (elbow joint, hip joint, knee joint), and ligaments (anterior cruciate ligament, tibial collateral ligament, patellar ligament).