chapter 14: mendel and the gene idea

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32 Terms

1

character

a heritable feature of an organism

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2

trait

different variations of a character

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3

P generation

parental generation, original generation, true-breeding

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4

F1 generation

offspring of P generation

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5

F2 generation

self-pollinated offspring of F1 generation

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6

hybridization

cross genetically different organisms

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7

locus

the specific location of an allele on a chromosome

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8

homozygous

an organism having a genotype with the same alleles for a gene

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9

heterozygous

an organism having a genotype with different allels for a gene

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10

pleiotropy

a genotype with multiple phenotypic effects

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11

epistatis

one gene on a locus affecting the expression of a different gene on a different locus

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12

norm of reaction

the range of phenotype expression for a genotype

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13

allele

alternative versions of a gene

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14

how many alleles does an offspring get from each parent for one character?

one allele from each parent

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15

dominant allele

overrules other alleles

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16

recessive allele

can be ruled over by different alleles

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17

phenotype vs genotype

  • phenotype is what is seen or expressed

  • genotype is the actual genetic code

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18

testcross and why it’s used

  • used to determine the genotype of an unknown organism with a dominant appearance with a homozygous recessive organism

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19

mendel’s law of segregation

2 alleles are going to segregate into 2 different gametes

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20

genotypic and phenotypic ratio of monohybrid cross

  • genotype= 1:2:1 (1 homo dom, 2 hetero, 1 homo rec)

  • phenotype= 3:1 (3 dom, 1 rec)

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21

mendel’s rule of independent assortment

each pair of alleles separating into different gametes is unaffected by other pairs of alleles

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22

physical basis of mendel’s laws of inheritance

first meiosis division

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23

probability multiplication rule

probability of 2+ independent event occurring together

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24

probability addition rule

probability of 1-2 mutually exclusive events occurring together

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25

incomplete dominance

the phenotype of the offspring is somewhere between the parental phenotypes

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26

codominance

2 dominant traits are seen in separate, distinguishable ways

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27

quantitative character and polygenic inheritance

  • the phenotype of trait is on a scale

  • usually indicate polygenic inheritance

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28

environment effect on phenotypes

  • even if the genotype is the same between organisms, the organism’s phenotype can still be changed/adjust based on the environment

  • e.g. flower color changing based on soil acidity

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29

cystic fibrosis

  • most common lethal genetic disorder

  • makes chloride transport channels ineffective or absent

  • causes buildup of mucus in different organs

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30

sickle-cell disease

  • 1 amino acid substituted

  • changes red-blood cell shape

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31

Huntington’s disease

  • degenerative disease of nervous system

  • doesn’t appear until 30s-40s

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32

multifactorial disorder

  • disorder that has genetic and environmental factos

  • e.g. smoking increases lung cancer risk

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