Blood Part 1

Blood makes up ____to____% of total body weight

7-8%

General functions for blood (4)

1. medium for transport (O2, CO2, nutrients, waste products, ions, hormones, and heat)

2. regulates ions and pH balance

3. contains defence mechanisms for immune protection

4. ensures hemostasis (prevention of blood less by clotting)

how is blood separated

either by sedimentation in a test tube using gravity OR

centrifudging so the density of each component settles at a different layer

blood is composed of 3 parts

RBCs

WBCs

Plasma

___=the percentage of your total blood volume that is made up of RBCs

hematocrit

hematocrit is calculated using the formula (x/y)x100% where x and y are

x=the volume of RBCs

y=the total volume of blood in the tube (including plasma and WBCs)

what is the hematocrit for males and females

females have an average of 42% RBCs

males have an average of 47% RBCs

what percentage of blood does WBCs and plasma take up

WBCs take up 1% or less

Plasma takes up 55%

what does polycythemia mean and when does it happen

when hematocrit/RBC count is high.

for example a transition from a sea level environment to a high altitude environment means theres less oxygen. the body tries to compensate by increasing RBC count.

drugs can also enhance RBC count to improve stamina.

what does a low hematocrit mean and why would this happen

where the blood has too few RBCs.

this could happen in anemia where there is blood loss, dilution of the blood, decreased production (nutritional deficiency) or increased destruction of RBCs due to being sickle shaped.

what are the major fluid compartments of the body

ICF=intracellular fluid (fluid inside the cell)

ECF=extracellular fluid (fluid outside the cell) includes plasma and interstitial fluid

Interstitial fluid=extracellular fluid outside the blood vessels

Plasma=extracellular fluid thats in the blood vessels but not in the red blood cells themselves

what is plasma comprised of (9)

• water (90%)

10%:

• electrolytes

• nutrients

• organic molecules

• trace elements

• gases (CO2)

• waste products

• hormones

• proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, transferrin)

where are plasma proteins made (albumins globulins, fibrinogen, transferrin)

in the liver

what is the function of albumin

colloid osmotic pressure aka pulling force that draws water into the blood vessels

what are the functions of globulins (3)

• clotting factors

• enzymes

• antibodies

what are the functions of fibrinogens

forms fibrin threads for blood clotting

what are the functions of transferrin

iron transport

what is serum

plasma without the clotting factors (fibrinogena and globulins) aka the liquid thats left after blood has clotted

whats the normal count in microliters of RBCs (females vs males)

females: 4.2-5.4×10⁶

males: 4.7-6.1×10⁶

whats the normal count of WBCs

4.5-10×10³

whats the normal count of platelets/thrombocytes

1.5-4×10⁵

whats the main purpose of RBCs

carrying O2

whats the function of neutrophils

phagocytosis

whats the function of eosinophils

defence against parasites

whats the function of basophils

triggers inflammation

whats are the functions of monocytes (2)

1. phagocytosis

2. immune defence

what are the functions of b cell lymphocytes (2)

antibody production

humoral immunity

what is the function of t cell lymphocytes

cellular immunity

what is the function of platelets

hemostasis (clotting)

what are granulocytes (3 types)

cells that contain granules that release chemicals during an immune response.

includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

what are the 2 types of lymphocytes

T-cells and B-cells

___=the process of formation of blood cells. can be prenatal and postnatal.

hematopoiesis

prenatal hematopoiesis occurs in the __,__,__. postnatal hematopoiesis occurs in the ___

yolk sac, liver, spleen

bone marrow

hematopoiesis of stem cells can split into __ stem cells and _ stem cells.

lymphoid stem cells

myeloid stem cells

lymphoid stem cells turn into

lymphocytes

myeloid stem cells turn into

every other type of blood cell (RBCs, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, platelets).

describe the process of hematopoiesis of a RBC and its future

1. made from stem cells in the bone marrow

2. move into the blood vessels

describe the process of hematopoiesis of a monocyte and its future

1. bone marrow stem cell

2. monocyte

3. blood vessels

4. differentiates in the tissue

5. macrophage

describe the process of hematopoiesis of a T-cell and its future

1. bone marrow stem cell (immature T-cell)

2. thymus gland (becomes mature T cell)

3. mature T-cell enters the bloodstream

describe the process of hematopoiesis of granulocytes and their future (neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils)

1. bone marrow stem cell

2. bloodstream

granulocytes DO NOT change when they entre their intended tissue

what factors regulate hematopoiesis of stem cells

cytokines (aka hematopoietins) are proteins that bind to cell surface receptors on hematopoietic stem cells to control their growth

___is a cytokine that is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the production of RBCs

erythropoietin (EPO)

how does erythropoietin stimulate production of RBCs?

1. low oxygen levels are sensed by the kidneys

2. kidneys product more EPO

3. blood carries EPO to bone marrow stem cells

4. EPO dictates bone marrow stem cells to create more RBC

___is a cytokine that controls the production of platelets/thrombocytes

thrombopoietin (TPO)

what is the shape of RBCs and what benefit does that have

it has a bioconcave shape that makes the cell have a high surface area to low volume ratio. this allows for easy diffusion of gases

RBCs also lose their nucleus and organelles during development. this is in order to carry mroe hemoglobin molecules. unforutunately this means they survive for 120 days.

what is hemoglobin (Hb) and how is its structure related to its function?

an iron-rich protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

it is made of 2 alpha globin chains and 2 beta globin chains. it contains 4 heme groups which have 4 iron atoms in their centers.

how does hemoglobin (Hb) capture oxygen

each ferrous Fe++ iron ion combines with one molecule of O2 by OXYGENATION. the maximum number of oxygen molecules that one hemoglobin can bind to is 4.

when hemoglobin (Hb) is full of oxygen from the lungs it is called___ and is relaxed for oxygen to bind

oxyhaemoglobin

when hemoglobin (Hb) has no more oxygen after delivering to tissue it is called__ and is tight (oxygen binding sites are closed)

deoxyhaemoglobin

why is carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation fata?

Hemoglobin (Hb) can bind to other gases other than O2 like CO, NO, and CO2. Hb has 200x more affinity for CO than for O2. plus, carbon monoxide is colourless and odourless.

List 3 factors essential for RBC production

1. cytokine erythropoietin (EPO)

2. dietary factors (iron, folic acid, vitamin B12)

3. protein factor: intrinsic factor (IF)

why do males have a higher RBC count than female

testosterone stimulates EPO release

what is the function of folic acid in RBC production

folic acid provides the methyl groups necessary to create thymine, one of the four nucleotide bases of DNA. this codes to make new RBCs.

what is the function of vitamin B12 in RBC production

works with folic acid to create thymine, ensuring proper DNA replication with creates working RBCs

what is the function of intrinsic factor (IF) protein in RBC production

produced by the stomach cell lining and binds to vitamin B12 to allow the small intestine to absorb the vitamin into the body

describe the % distributions of iron in the body

50% is used in hemoglobin

25% is used for other iron containing proteins

25% is bound with ferritin in RBCs

if there is too much iron, it is lost through sweat, urine, and menstrual flow

where do RBCs breakdown and what helps them breakdown

in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.

macrophages break down RBCs

Describe the steps for RBC breakdown involving hemoglobin specifically

1. Phagocytosis and initial splitting: macrophages swallow RBC and hemoglobin molecules from the ruptured cell and split into heme and globin

2. globin (proteins) break down into amino acids which fuel metabolism or are reusde to make new proteins

3. heme (iron and pigments) releases its into into the blood where the liver and spleen store the recycled iron and bone marrow uses iron to build new hemoglobin. the remaining heme converts into green biliverdin which transforms into yellow-brown bilirubin

4. elimination and excretion: bilirubin—>liver (turns into bile)—>small intestine—>excreted or to the blood to by urinated

describe the absorption of vitamin B12

1. vitamin B12 is eaten from food

2. B12 enters the stomach where it binds to intrinsic factor (IF) proteins that protect it from stomach acid.

3. the B12/IF complex moves to the small intestine where it is absorbed into the bloodstream

anemia can be caused by (4)

1. decreased production of RBC in the bone marrow

2. increased destruction of RBCs in the body (hemolytic anemia)

3. increased blood loss leading to loss of RBCs (hemorrhagic anemia)

4. abnormal hemoglobin production

what causes pernicious anemia

lack of intrinsic factor (IF) or vitamine B12

what causes aplastic anemia

damage of bone marrow due to radiation/drugs

what causes hemolytic anemia

RBCs are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can make new ones due to abnormal shape of RBC or due to immune reactions during transfusion

what causes hemorrhagic anemia

increased blood loss due to injury, bleeding ulcers, or chronic menstruation

What is abnormal about the hemoglobin structure that leads to sickle cell disease aka a type of hemolytic anemia

Sickle shaped RBCs are formed by a single amino acid mutation in the b chain.

Resulting RBCs have hard cell membranes and are non-flexible. thus, passage through capillaries cause damage to sickle RBCs

chronic kidney disease also leads to anemia (reduced levels of erythropoietin (EPO)