Enumeration

1. Non-specific action and cell membrane perturbation.

2. Interaction with small molecules and ions.

3. Incorporation of drugs into macromolecules

Drug Actions Not involving Receptors

1. Formation of “icebergs” that stabilize membranes of excitable tissues.

2. Interaction of anesthetic with hydrophobic regions surrounding membrane proteins and preventing conformational change in the protein, which is necessary for normal impulse formation.

3. Inhibition of fusion vesicles containing neurotransmitter with presynaptic nerve membrane, thus inhibiting its release.

4. Inhibition of response to transmitter in the post-synaptic nerve membranes.

5. Direct interaction with hydrophilic regions of the membrane has also been proposed.

Theories on mechanism of action of anesthetic agents.

1. Analgesia

2. Amnesia

3. Loss of consciousness

4. Loss of sensory functions

5. Loss of motor functions

Characteristic of Anesthesia

1. Increased sensitivity to X-radiation

2. Increased frequency of Chromosome breakage

3. Mitotic abnormalities in mammalian cells.

Abnormalities resulting from Counterfeit Interaction