Psych Unit 7 Hunger Motivation

sources of motivation

• biological (the need for it)

• emotional (your emotion)

• cognitive (expectations, perceptions, or beliefs)

• social (reactions from others)

extrinsic motivation

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* engaging in activities or behaviors that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain incentives or external rewards
* Ex. money is a motivator

intrinsic motivation

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* engaging in activities or behaviors because the behaviors themselves are personally rewarding or because engaging in these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectations
* you are your own motivator

instinct theory (cognitive theory)

we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors

* but only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors

drive reduction theory (cognitive theory)

behavior is motivated by the need to reduce drives such as hunger, thirst, or sex.

• our behavior is motivated by biological needs because our biological need wants to maintain homeostasis (balance)

• when we are not in balance, we have a need that creates a drive

homeostasis

balance

ex. body doesn’t want to be hungry but also doesn’t want to be full

primary drive (drive reduction theory)

the need for food

secondary drive (drive reduction theory)

i’m craving ______ but anything would suffice

arousal theory

we are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal

Yerkes-Dodson Law (arousal theory)

Performance efficiency and stress are related

* If you experience stress and anxiety, your performance goes up till it reaches a point where you are overstressed and don’t perform as well

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

• “We are moticated by needs, and all needs are not created equal”

• we are driven to satisfy the lower level of needs first

hypothalamus

regulates body temperature, thirst and arousal

lateral hypothalamus

• when stimulated it makes you hungry

• when lesioned (destroyed), you will never be hungry again

  • stomach sends gastric acid to make your stomach growl

ventromedial hypothalamus

* when stimulated you feel full
* tells you when you are full

set point theory

• the hypothalamus acts like a thermostat

  • wants to maintain a stable weight

• activate the lateral hypothalamus when you diet and activates the ventromedial hypothalamus when you start to gain weight

glucose

affects body chemistry

* when _____ levels drop, hunger increases

hormone insulin

converts glucose to fat

garcia effect

avoiding food because of the smells and taste and associated the doos with sickness

Hunger

* Early research indicated that stomach contractions caused ______.
* Yet even people and other animals who have had their stomachs removed still experience ______

Hunger and Hormones

* The hypothalamus reduces hunger by stimulating the small intestine to release cholecystokinin when food enters.
* Sugars from the small intestine raise blood sugar. When blood sugar rises, the pancreas releases insulin.

Bulimia nervosa

• common type of eating disorder

• eating binges involving the intake of thousands of calories, followed by purging either by vomiting or using laxatives.

anorexia nervosa

• starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight

  • they see themselves as fat

• vast majority are woman

Psychosocial hunger factors

• learned associations between food and other stimuli

  • ex. snacking while watching tv

• personality traits

  • ex. overeating when stressed/depressed

obesity

a disorder characterised by being excessively overweight

* increases the risk for health issues like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and back problems

reasons for eating disorders

• sexual abuse

• family (where weight is an excessive concern)

• genetics (more likely to occur in identical twins rather than fraternal twins