Biology Lecture Exam 1

chapter 1-4

cell theory

smallest structural and functional living unit

organism functions depend on individual and collective cell functions

cells arise from preexisitng cells

biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their sub-cellular structures

cytology

scientific study of cells

squamous

thin, flat, scaly shape, bulge where nucleus is “sunny side up”

line the esophagus n air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs, form surface epidermis of skin

cuboidal

squarish looking in frontal sections equal in height and width, liver cells

columnar

taller than wide, inner lining cells of stomach n intestines

epithelial cells

squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

polygonal

irregularly angular shapes, 4-5 or greater sides (honeycomb), glands

stellate

multiple pointed projecting from body of a cell, giving it starlike shape, nerve cells

spheroidal to ovoid

round to oval, egg cells n White blood cell (white blood cells)

discoidal

disc-shaped Red blood cells(RBC)

fusiform

spindle-shaped ; elongated ; with thick middle n tapered ends (smooth muscle)

fibrous

long, slender, threadlike, as in skeletal muscle cells and axons of nerve cells

Anatomy

study of structural makeup of an organism or any of its parts

physiology

study of function of life or matter

How do Anatomy and physiology relate ?

They are interdependent one depends on another for example born without a right hand cant shake hands

structural complexity

atoms - molecules - organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organism

Medial

towards the median or midline

lateral

away from the median or midline

proximal

closer to trunk or point of orgin

distal

further from trunk or point of orgin

anterior

front side or ventral side

posterior

back side or dorsal side

superior

above or towards the top (cranial)

inferior

towards the bottom or tail (caudal)

superficial (external)

closer towards the surface of skin

deep (internal)

further from the surface of the skin

Anatomical position

feet slightly apart standing erect palms facing out with thumbs pointed out

sagittal plane

creates left and right proportions

midsagittal plane

creates equal left and right proportions

transverse (horizontal plane)

creates top and bottom or superior and inferior proportions

frontal (coronal)

creates front and back / anterior posterior planes

Homeostasis

internal eequilibrium regardless of what happening in our outside environment keeping varibles in range

organism

exhibits : boundaries, responsivness, growth n development, movement, reproduction, digestion n metabolism, excretion

survival needs

nurtrients, oxygen, water, atomosphere pressure, normal body temp

needs to be in appropiate amounts too much or too little can be fatal

negative feedback

opposite response occurs/puts stimulus back in range

example of negative feedback loop sugar levels get to high we send insulin to bring it down

negative feedback loops

stimulus sends it to Receptor(sensors) then send it to the integrating center or control center then it will send it to effectors which give a response

Energy flow in human physiology

most of these flow down the grandient (passively) we only have a select few of things that goes against the gradient (actively)

Positive feedback loop

increase in variability away from the setpoint / enhance initial response (pregnancy and blood clotting)

Bio chemistry

study of molecules that compose living organisms

element

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

body mass is composed of what

96% composed of O,C,H,N

atoms

make up an element gives it particular physical and chemical properties

protons

carry a positive charge

neutron

carry a neutral charge

electron

carry a negative charge and orbits the nucleus

what two atoms make up the nucleus ?

protons and neutrons = atomic mass

isotopes

structural variations of elements that differ in number of neutrons they contain

radioisotopes

unstable isotopes that give off energy (radioactivity)

molecule

two or more atoms coming together (O2,H2)

compound

two or more different atoms bonded together (NO, H2O)

chemical bonds

energy relationships between electrons of reacting atoms

Shell 1

can only hold 2 electrons

shell 2

maximum of 8 electrons

shell 3

maximum of 18 electrons

Octet rule

besides the first shell all other shells want to reach 8 electrons in outermost shell in order to be “happy”

chemically inert gases

stable and unreactive because they follow the octect rule

“noble gases”

chemically reactive elements

outermost level not fully occupied by electrons

ions

atoms that have gained or lost electrons and become charged

anions

gain an electron and become more negative charged

cations

lose an electron and become more positive

what results in an ionic bond

attraction of opposite charges

covalent bonds

formed by sharing of two or more valence shell electrons

nonpolar covalent bonds

equal sharing produces electrically balanced nonpolar molecules (CO2)

polar covalent bonds

unequal sharing by atoms with different electron-attracting abilities produces polar molecules

hydrogen bond

attractive force between electropositive hydrogen and electronegative atom of another molecule

Van der Waals force

weak attraction between two atoms occurring when a brief fluctuation in the electron cloud density of 1 atom induces polarization of an adjacent form

Water

60-80% of volume of living cells

high heat capacity

• absorb and relase heat with little temp change

• prevents sudden changes in temp

high heat vaporization

• requires large amount of heat to evaporate useful cooling mechanism

polar solvent properties

• forms hydration layers charged molecules

• bodys major transport

reactivity

• necessary part of hydrolysis n dehydration reaction synthesis

cushioning

• protects certain organs from physical trauma

solvent

present in greatest amount, usually liquid dilutes the solute

solute

present in smaller amounts typically something like salt dissolved in another substance

Solution

a solute salt is dissolved in another substance water known as a solvent which creates this (body fluid - urine, intersitial fluid, blood plasma)

suspension

flour suspended in water (appears light blue because blue light is scattered off the flour particles to a greater extent than red light) (body fluids - whole blood,chyme)

colloid

milk is an emulsified colloid of liquid butter globules dispersed within a water based liquid. Stabilized in suspension by electrostatics-mutual repulsion of like electrical charges (body fluids - mucous,lymph,whole blood plasma,cytoplasm)

acids

protons donors (H+) release Hydrogen ion in solution

increase in Hydrogen means decrease in ph

ph levels 0-6.99

bases

protons acceptors take up H+ in the solution

OH- increase hydrogen decreases causing PH to increase

ph 7.01-14

neutral solutions

equal amount of OH and H ions

ph 7

blood ph range

7.35-7.45

ph is regulated by kindeys, lungs, and what type of buffers

buffers - mixtures of compounds that resist ph changes

bicarbonate ion [HCO3] bind to hydrogen when we are too acidic

ammonia [NH3] binds to hydroxyl groups when we are too basic

matter

anything that has mass or occupies space

mass

the amount of matter in a object, its resistance to being acclerated

mixtures

combination of two or more substances that are physically combined

energy

capacity to do work

work

move something

kinetic energy

energy of motion, doing work

potential energy

stored energy or contained in a object because of position or internal state not doing work

First law of thermodynamics

energy is transferred from one form into another

chemical energy

fuel oil burners

stored in bonds of chemical substances

electrical energy

power lines

results from movementss of charged particles

mechanical energy

dams

moving matter/muscles moving bones

radiant or electromagnetic energy

sunlight, uv rays, x rays, heat, travels in waves

chemical equilibrium

neither a foward nor reversible reaction occurs

why are many biolofical reactions essentially irreversible?

energy requirments and removal of products

synthesis reactions

also anabolic reactions where your reactants form a bond

endergonic - when formed products contain higher potential energy

A + B - AB

endothermic

takes in heat

exothermic

releases energy/heat

decomposition

reverse synthesis and also catabolic reaction

involves breaking of bonds

exergonic reaction - releases energy

AB - A + B

exchange reactions = displacement reactions

AB + C - AC + B

bonds are both broken and made

rate of chemical reactions

temperature increase rate increases

particle size decreases rate increases

concentration of reactant increases rate increases

catalysts

increase rate without being chemically changed

example enzymes which are very specific work with certain substrates

oxidation

electrons donors lose electrons and become oxidized

reduction

electron acceptors receive electrons and become reduced