DEV PSYCH - Chapter 1: The study of human development/ Chapter 4 - Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years/

human development

human development

Scientific study of the systematic process of change and stability in people.

Life-span development

Concept of human development as a lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically

Describe, Explain, Predict, Intervene

The goal of the field of human development

Describe

To establish norms, or average, for behavior at various age.

Explain

To understand the development and the acquirement of skills or behavior.

Predict

To determine possible future behavior based from the stage of development and behaviors shown.

Intervene

To create methods of interventions to solve problematic behaviors.

Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development

The three (3) main domain or aspect of the self.

Physical development

Domain that lookes into the growth of body and brain.

Cognitive development

Domain that looks into the patterns of change in mental abilities.

Psychosocial development

Doman that looks into the pattern of change in emotion, personality, and social relationships, In Erikson's eight (8) stage theory, socially and culturally influences process of development of the ego or self.

Social construction

Division of life span into periods. A concept or practice an invention of a particular culture or society.

Major development in (8) periods of human development

Periods generally accepted in Western industrial societies.

Individual Differences

Differences in chracteristics, influences, or development of outcomes.

Heredity and environment

Two (2) primary ways to describe the influences on development.

Heredity

Inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents. Internal and biological, the influence of nature.

Environment

Totality of nonhereditary, or experiential influence on development. Influenced by nurture.

Maturation

Unfolding of natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes.

Nuclear family

two-generational kinship, economic, and household unit consisting of one or two parents and their biological children, adopted children, or stepchildren.

73%

The number of children living in famillies with with two married parents in 1st marriage (United states, 1960)

37%

Number of households composed of nuclear families.

69% children and 16% household

Number of children and household into Nuclear family (United states, 2014)

51%

Number of children under 18 yrs. old in nuclear family.

Extended Family

Multigenerational kinship network of parents, children, and other relatives, sometimes living together in one household. Also seen as a traditional family form.

38%

Percentage of total population with extended family living arrangements.

Developing countries

The countries with less extended-family households percentage.

51%

Percentage of families with children with extended family living arrangements.

Industrialization and migration to urban centers

The reason for the decline in percentage of extended-family household in developing countries.

3 to 4 generation family households.

The cause of economic pressure, housing shortage, and out-of wedlock childbearing in United state.

20% or 64 million people

The record of the US population living in multigenerational families in year 2016. It's record have been steadily increasing during early 1980's.

Marrying at later ages, influx of immigrant for practicality-preference, and people living longer.

The cause of multigenerational/extended family households.

Latinos, African Americans, and Asians

Race and ethnicity more likely to live in multigenerational/extended families household.

7%

Percentage of families with children headed by single parent worldwide, considered rare family structure.

23%

Highest rate of single-parent families in United state across the globe.

Polygamy

Family structure in which one spouse, most commonly a man, is married to more than one partner. Considered unusual family structure.

3%

Percentage of families with Polygamy family structure, primarily Muslim countries.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, inclusing income, education, and occupation.

COVID-19

causes fatigue, loss of sense of smell, fever, and respiratory distress; the source of the 2019 pandemic.

Risk factors

Conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative development outcome, but positive development can still occur despite this.

Culture

A society's or group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and physical products-all learned behavior, passed on from parents to children.

Individual cultures

A culture in which people tend to prioritize personal goals ahead of collective goals and to view themselves as distinct individuals.

Collectivistic Culture

A culture in which people tend to prioritize collaborative social goals ahead of individual goals and to view themselves in the context of their social relationships.

Ethnic group

A group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origins, which contribute to a sense of shared identity.

Ethnic minorities

Ethnic groups with national or cultural traditions different from the majority of the population.

2.6 %

2016, estimate of percentage of the population in US with 2 or more races.

Intersectionality

An analytic framework focused on how a person's multiple identities combine to create differences in privilege or discrimination.

Black Lives Matter

A political and social movement focused on eliminating racially based violence against black people through nonviolent protest and activism.

BIPOC

Acronym standing for black, indigenous and people of color.

Race

A grouping of humans distinguished by their outward physical characteristics or social qualities from other groups. Not a biological construct.

Ethnic gloss

Overgeneralization about an ethnic or cultural group that obscures differences within the group.

Start of Twentieth Century

Childbirth began to be professionalized

Parturition

Act or process of giving birth

Begins about 2 week before delivery

Braxton-Hicks Contractions

False contractions woman may have felt during the Parturition

Dilation of the Cervix

1st stage, longest stage, typically 12 to 14 hours for a first child.

Descent and Emergence of the Baby

An hour, or two; contractions become stronger and closer together, baby’s head moves through birth canal.

Baby is born but still is attached to the placenta in the mother’s body by the umbilical cord.

Expulsion of the Placenta

Lasts between 10 minutes to an hour; placenta and umbilical cord are expelled and removed from the mother.

Electronic Fetal Monitoring

Lasts between 10 minutes to an hour; placenta and umbilical cord are expelled and removed from the mother.

Electronic Fetal Monitoring

Track the fetus’ heart druing delivery

Cesarean Delivery

Delivery of a baby bysurgical removal from the uterus

Natural Childbirth

Seeks to prevent pain by eliminating mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery

Prepared Childbirth

Uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain

Doula

Experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor

Pudendal Block

Local (Vaginal) Anesthesia

Analgesic

(Painkiller) reduces the perception of pain

Epidural

Regional Anesthesia

Neonatal Period

First 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence

20 inches long and Weighs 7 ½ pounds

Average neonate/newborn length and weight

Fontanel

Area on the head where the bones of the skull do not meet

Lanugo

Fuzzy prenatal Hair

Vernix Caseosa

Oily protection against infection

Anoxia

Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage

Hypoxia

Reduced oxygen supply

Meconium

Stringy waste in fetal intestinal tract

Neonatal Jaundice

Condition, in many newborn babies, caused by immaturity of the liver

Apgar Scale

Standard measurement of a newborns’ condition; assesses pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Neurological and behavioral test to measure a neonate’ responses to the environment

Neonate

Newborn

States of Arousal

An infant’s physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity

Low birth weight babies

Weight of less than 5 ½ pounds at birth because of prematurity or being small-for-date

Preterm (premature) babies

Infants born before completing 37th week of gestation

Small for date (small for gestational age) infants

Those whose birth weight is less than that of 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth

Kangaroo Care

Method of skin to skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother’s breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth

Postmature

Fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother’s last menstrual period

Babies tend to be long and thin

Greater size complicates labor

Stillbirth

Death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation

Infant mortality rate

proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant.

Teething

Usually begins at 3 or 4 months growth of first tooth

Lateralization

tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions.

Neurons

nerve cells, send and receive information.

Glia or glial cells

nourish and protect the neurons.

Integration

process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups.

Differentiation

process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions.

Cell death

in brain development, normal elimination of excess brain cells to achieve more efficient functioning.

Myelination

process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, which enables faster communication between cells.

Reflex behaviors

automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation.

Primitive reflexes

sucking, rooting for the nipple, and the Moro reflex.

Postural reflexes

reactions to changes in position or balance.

Locomotor reflexes

reflexes that resemble the voluntary movements that will appear later, such as the walking and swimming reflexes.

Plasticity

modifiability or “molding,” of the brain through experience.

Touch

the first sense to develop.

For the first several months, it is the most mature sensory system.