UNIT 1.3.2

Flashcards generated from lecture notes on biology, focusing on key concepts like concentration visualization, participation, carbon importance, isomers, monomers, polymers, and related chemical processes.

To visualize concentrations, draw a simple diagram with a ___ for high and ___ for low, and label the range from 0 to 100.

H, L

The element ___ is important in biology because it provides structure for many molecules.

Carbon

___ have the same molecular formula but are arranged differently in space.

Isomers

___ isomers differ in the order of atom arrangement, while ___ isomers have the same order but different spatial attachments.

Structural, stereoisomers

___ are mirror-image stereoisomers that cannot be superimposed on each other.

Enantiomers

___ arises when carbon is bonded to four different atoms or groups.

Chirality

___ typically recognize and act on only one specific stereoisomer.

Enzymes

A ___ is a single unit, while a ___ is made up of multiple monomers.

monomer, polymer

The monomer of carbohydrates is a ___, and a common polymer example is ___.

monosaccharide, starch

___ is a polymer made of nucleotides, the monomers of nucleic acids.

DNA

___ are polymers made of amino acids, and the polymer form is called a ___.

Proteins, polypeptide

___ do not have a monomer-polymer relationship like other macromolecules.

Lipids

___ forms polymers by removing water, while ___ breaks them down by adding water.

Dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis

___ comes from the word “lysis,” meaning to break, and it uses water to break bonds between monomers.

Hydrolysis

A ___ is the monomer of carbohydrates, composed of a single sugar unit (e.g., glucose).

monosaccharide

The chemical formula of glucose is ___, and the atom ratio is ___.

C₆H₁₂O₆, 1:2:1 (C:H:O)

In glucose diagrams, bold black lines represent ___ between atoms.

chemical bonds

Thicker or wedge-shaped lines in molecule diagrams signify ___, indicating parts of the molecule that extend out of or into the plane.

three-dimensionality

The 3D structure of a sugar molecule is important because it affects enzyme interaction; orientation in space determines whether an ___ can bind to it.

enzyme

Carbon atoms in glucose are numbered to describe the location of ___ and determine molecular interactions.

functional groups

The difference between alpha and beta glucose is the orientation of the ___ group (-OH) on carbon 1: alpha points down, beta points up.

hydroxyl

___ is a structural isomer of glucose (different arrangement, same formula), while ___ is a stereoisomer (same bonds, different spatial arrangement).

Fructose, Galactose

A ___ is a molecule of two monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis, used for sugar transport or energy storage.

disaccharide

Sucrose is made of ___ + ___, Lactose is made of ___ + ___, and Maltose is made of ___ + ___.

glucose, fructose, glucose, galactose, glucose, glucose

___ is a reaction where two molecules combine by removing water (H₂O), forming a bond.

Dehydration synthesis

___ is the reverse of dehydration synthesis; water is added to break a bond.

Hydrolysis

A ___ is a covalent bond between two monosaccharides formed via dehydration synthesis.

glycosidic linkage

The properties of a glycosidic linkage are determined by the ___ and ___ positions involved in the bond (e.g., 1→4 or 1→6 linkage).

geometry, carbon

___ are long chains of monosaccharides linked via dehydration synthesis, used for storage or structure.

Polysaccharides

The polysaccharide that plants use for energy storage is ___ (includes amylose and amylopectin).

starch

The polysaccharide that animals use for energy storage is ___ (branched chains of glucose).

glycogen

___ is unbranched, forms coils, and is water-insoluble, while ___ has a branched structure.

Amylose, Amylopectin

Glycogen differs from amylopectin by being more highly ___ and ___.

branched, longer

Branching in polysaccharides is determined by the position of ___ (e.g., α-1,4 vs. α-1,6).

glycosidic linkages

Cellulose is made of ___ in β-1,4 linkages; it provides structural support in ___.

β-glucose, plant cell walls

Humans can't digest cellulose because they lack the ___ to break β-1,4 glycosidic bonds.

enzyme

The biological importance of 3D molecular structure in sugars is that it influences ___, ___, and ___.

chemical properties, enzyme recognition, biological function