Cellular Processes and Genetics

Flashcards for reviewing concepts in cellular respiration, photosynthesis, DNA, and genetics.

Calorie

Unit of measurement for energy

Cell Respiration

Turns potential energy into usable energy; an aerobic process requiring O2

Glycolysis

Occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks glucose into pyruvate

Krebs Cycle

Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and turns pyruvate into NADH and FADH2

Electron Transport Chain

Occurs in the mitochondrial membrane, passes electrons, and turns NADH and FADH2 into ATP

NAD+

Functions as oxidizing agent in cellular respiration.

NADH

Represents stored energy that synthesizes ATP

PFK (Photofructokinase)

Major control point for all of cell respiration

Glucose makes:

4 ATP total, 2 ATP net, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

Anaerobic Respiration

Makes a minimal amount of ATP; regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can still function

Goal of Krebs Cycle

Turn as much pyruvate into NADH and FADH2

Citrate

The first thing that is made in the Krebs Cycle

Where does the Krebs Cycle happen?

Mitochondria

Remakes 4 Carbon in Krebs Cycle

Oxaloacetate

Krebs Cycle produces:

4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Total Glucose produces:

6 CO2, 4 ATP NET, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2

ATP is made through substrate level phosphorylation

Sticking a phosphate group onto a substrate - ADP

Pyruvate becomes:

2 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

Redox Reactions and Electron Transport Chain

Passes electrons from one molec to another, generates energy, turns NADH and FADH2 into ATP

Final electron acceptor

Oxygen

Electron Chain

3 complexes of transport proteins

Movement of protons

Molec want to move from high to low concentration gradient

Sticking a phosphate onto something through a series of redox reactions

The method of making ATP called Oxidative Phosphorylation

Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation

Glycolysis w/1 extra reaction

Destroys proteins

Heat

DNA replications occur during the S phase of the cell cycle

An enzyme - helicase - binds and unwinds the DNA

Backbone of DNA

Sugar and phosphate

Gene

A set of instructions for a protein

Nucleic acids

One of the four biomolecules all life is made of

Genetic material

Either DNA or RNA

Nucleoside

Sugar and base without a phosphate group

5 Nitrogen containing bases

Two main kind: Pyrimidine and Purine

Forms on the 3’ carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5’ on the next

Adjacent nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds

DNA

Gives instructions on how to make copies of itself, gives instructions to make all proteins, RNA go b/w DNA and the rest of the cell

At the time it was known that bacteria could change

Griffith - 1928

Finding out which 4 biomolecules was the “transforming factor”

Avery, McCarthy, and McCleod - 1944

Supposing Avery didn’t really destroy all of the protein

Hershey and Chase - 1952

Found out 2 things

Chargaff - 1950

DNA replication occurs in stages

Not started in one places but not random, specific spots - origins of replication

Enzyme that on-winds helix

Helicase

Single stranded binding proteins

Come in when hydrogen bonds break, stop bases from forming h-bonds, keeps strands separated

How to make nucleotide chain

Primase MAKES A PRIMER, primase - enzyme , primer - 30 nucleotides of RNA

Pieces of empty space before primase comes - short sections of DNA

OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

Gets rid of RNA, works by creating a chain in 5’ and 3’ direction

DNA polymerase

Two DNA nucleotides need to be attached using

DNA ligase

ENDs of DNA molec

Telomerase - enzyme, makes telamers, repeating sequence of nonsense DNA

What is Transcription?

Transcription creates a copy of DNA patterns and transfers it to RNA through mRNA

Uses mRNA to create protein

Translation

Do NOT have a nucleus

prokaryotes

HAVE a nucleus

Eukaryotes

The excess information - are removed

Intron

Stay and join together

Exons

TRNA - Transfer RNA

Single stranded - each carries a specific amino acid

(3 nucleotides) bind to the codon on mRNA

Anticodon

Made from rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and proteins

Ribosomes

Most common

Wild type

The allele that is seen

Dominant

The allele that can be hidden

Recessive

The two alleles are the same

Homozygous

The two alleles are different

Heterozygous

The genetic makeup (what alleles you have - PP, Pp, pp)

Genotype

What observable traits you have ( what you look like - purple or white)

Phenotype

Mendel’s Principle of Segregation

The 2 alleles for a trait segregate during gamete formation

Intermediate inheritance / incomplete dominance

Blending of traits - ex: pink four o’clock flowers

Co - dominance

Both alleles expressed in the hybrid: ex = Roan cattle

Offspring of 2 different true-breeding parents (a mutt or mix)

Hybrid