U.S. History Sem 1 Finals Prep

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment (1870)

right to vote

1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

gained land to expand slavery west and ended the Mexican-American War

1862 Pacific Railroad Act

act promised to give railroad companies 6400 acres of land for every mile of track built

40 acres and a mule

1865 as Sherman moved through the south he issues a grant of 40 acres of farmable land and a mule to freed slaves in an attempt to solve the problems of refugees

Anarchism

A political philosophy that opposes government in any form.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, the president after Lincoln was assassinated

Angel Island

Inspection station for immigrants arriving on the West Coast

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Buffalo Soldiers

African American soldiers who served in the cavalry during the wars for the west

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Cherokee v. Georgia

(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Communism

a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership

Compromise of 1850/Fugitive Slave Act

allowed special government officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave

Compromise of 1877

Compromise that enables Hayes to take office in return for the end of Reconstruction

Costa's Levels of Questioning

1. Gathering information

2. Process information

3. Apply information

Crazy Horse

Military leader of the Sioux during the Sioux War, surrendered

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Dawes General Allotment Act

1887 law that divided reservation land into private family plots

Debt Peonage

A system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court ruling that declared slaves were not viewed as citizens but as property

Ellis Island

Immigration processing center that open in New York Harbor in 1892

Emancipation Proclamation

declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

Fort Laramie Treaty

Restricted the Plains Indians to specific areas and permitted the building of government forts

Freedman's Buereau

An agency that provided relief for recently freed people and certain poor people in the south.

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Acted as a welfare agency to help the poor and war veterans. Helped establish about 3000 schools for freed blacks

General George Armstrong Custer

American Calvalry Commander during the Indian Wars

Ghost Dance

a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead

Gilded Age

Late 1800s to Early 1900s - time of large increase in wealth caused by industrialization

Gospel of Wealth

called on those who accumulated wealth to share their riches for the betterment of society

Historiography

the study of historical writing

Homestead Act

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years

Homestead Act

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years

Homestead Incident

Resulted in a drop in the membership of the national union.

Horizontal and Vertical Integration

horizontal: buying the competition

vertical: eliminating the middle man

indian policy

Jackson's decision for the United States to begin moving the Indians westward and opening Indian lands in the East to white settlement

industrial capitalism

an economic system in which business leaders use profits to expand their companies

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

John Locke

An English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights

Johnson v. Macintosh (1823)

Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law, federal gov could take land

labor union

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

Labor Unionism

a labor union organizing method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union

Land Allotment

Procedure by which big land properties are divided in parcels of smaller size.

Little Bighorn

Battle between Custer's Seventh Cavalry and the Sioux, Custer's Seventh was decimated

Lost Bird

A Wounded Knee survivor

Lost Cause

glorified Confederacy and romanticized Old South

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

Mason-Dixon Line

divider between free and slave states before the Civil War

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri.

• Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state

• all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Nightriders

a generic name for a member of the Ku Klux Klan

OLDER Ideals

Opportunity, Liberty, Democracy, Equality, Rights

Pacific Railway Act

(1862) law that gave lands to railroad companies to develop a line linking the East and West Coasts

Plessy v. Ferguson

"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of jim crow laws

Populism

movement of people

Populism

movement of people

Pullman Strike

violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide

racial apartheid

Systematic segregation based on race.

Radical Republicans

Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Red Cloud War

The Sioux's resistance towards America's military presence in their region

Red River War

U.S military campaign created to rid the Southern plains of Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho in 1874

Red Shirt groups

groups dedicated to eradicating black political participation and restoring Democratic rule through violence and intimidation

Sand Creek Massacre

1864 incident in which Colorado militia killed a camp of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity. new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Sitting Bull

American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn

Social Contract

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Tainted money debate

reflected questions about the proper relationship between religion and capitalism

Tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

Treaty of Bosque Redondo

Unprecedented treaty permitting the Navajo to return to their homeland.

vagabond

A person who wanders from place to place

Vagrancy Laws

Laws that allowed authorities to arrest freedmen and assign them to work on plantations

Worcester v. Georgia

Georgia cannot enforce American laws on Indian tribes

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Supreme Court ruled that only the federal government, could make laws governing the Cherokees. Though the Cherokees won the case

Wounded Knee

1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance

Wounded Knee Massacre

mass killing by U.S. soldiers of as many as 300 unarmed Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1890