Unit 1 Vocab

Matter

Matter

anything that occupies space, and has mass, and it is all around us (ex: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma)

Solid

rigid and possesses a definite shape (volumes nearly independent of pressure)

Liquid

flows and takes the shape of its container-forms a flat or slightly curved surface (volumes nearly independent of pressure)

Gas

takes shape and volume of container

Plasma

is a gaseous state of matter that contains appreciable numbers of electrically charged particles (ex: interiors of stars)

Mass

measure of the amount of matter in an object

Weight

refers to the force of that gravity exerts on an object-changes as the force of gravity changes

Law of conservation of matter

there is no detectable change in the total quantity of matter present when matter converts from one type to another (a chemical change) or changes among solid, liquid, or gaseous states (a physical change)

Pure substance

has a constant composition-all particles in it are the same

element

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes

compound

pure substance that are comprised of 2 or more elements and may be broken down by chemical changes to yield either elements or other compounds, or both

mixture

composed or 2 or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical changes

homogeneous mixture/solution

exhibits a uniform composition and appears visually the same throughout (ex: sports drink, air)

heterogeneous mixtures

a mixture with a composition that varies from point to point ex: italian dressing, chocolate chip cookies)

atom

smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element and can enter into a chemical combination

molecule

consists of two or more atoms joined by strong forces called chemical bonds

periodic table

a table that arranges the elements in increasing order of their atomic numbers and groups atoms with similar properties

periodic law

the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers

period/series

horizontal rows (seven)

group/family

vertical columns (eighteen)

metal

shiny, malleable, good heat/electricity conductors

nonmetal

dull, poor heat/electricity conductors

metalloids

conduct heat/electricity moderately well and possess some properties of both

nomenclature

a collection of rules for naming things

binary compound

compounds that only contain two elements (the most simple)

binary acid

and acid comprise of hydrogen and one other nonmetallic elements (no oxygen)

acid

any compound that forms H+ ions in solution (starts with H)

main-group elements

columns labeled 1,2 and 13-18

transition metals

columns (groups) 3-12

inner transition metals

two rows at the bottom of the periodic table

ion

an atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge

hydrate

ionic compounds that contain water molecules as integral components

oxyacid

compound that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and at least one other element

monoatomic ion

ions formed from only one atom

polyatomic ion

ions, which act as discrete units, are electrically charged molecules (a group of bonded atoms with an overall charge)

oxyanion

polyatomic ions that contain one or more oxygen atoms

ionic bond

a chemical bond where electrons are transferred and ions form

covalent bond

a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs

ionic compound

a compound that contains ions and is held together by ionic bonds

covalent/molecular compound

compounds that share electrons rather than transfer (two nonmetals)

physical property

a characteristic of matter that is not associated with change in its chemical composition

chemical property

ability to change from one type of matter or substance into another (or inability)-change in chemical makeup

physical change

a change in the state or properties of matter without any accompanying change in the chemical identities of the substances contained in the matter

chemical change

produces one or more new types of matter/substances that differ from the matter present before the change

extensive property

If the property depends on the amount of matter present (ex: mass and volume)

intensive property

if the property of a sample of matter does not depend on the amount of matter present (ex:temperature)