APUSH - Period 3: 1754-1800

When was the French and Indian War?

1754-1763 in the Americas, 1756-1763 in Europe

What is the continuation of the fighting of the French and Indian War in Europe known as?

the 7 Years’ War

What were the causes of the French and Indian War?

1. Fashion - furs were wanted in Europe, so England wanted in on the fur trade; this led to…

2. Land claims - English colonies pushed west into New France

3. Rivalry - the English and French despised each other and had a history of fighting

These are the same reasons as for the previous conflicts!

Who was on each side of the French and Indian War?

1. The British, the 13 colonies (sort of - it wasn’t a unified effort), and the Iroquois (but hardly, b/c they didn’t want to help militarily)

2. The French and most Native Americans

Why did most Native American tribes side with the French during the French and Indian War?

• The French had a better relationship with the natives because of the fur trade and intermarriage

• There were less French colonists than British colonists, which was better for the natives (they didn’t want the British moving west in large numbers); they wanted the French to control the Ohio River Valley

What style of fighting did each side use in the French and Indian War?

• British - fought European style, in rows

• French - fought like the natives with Guerilla Warfare (use the landscape/trees, fight in small groups, launch surprise attacks then retreat/disappear)

What side of a fight does Guerilla Warfare favor?

the people who live in the area/know the land

Albany Plan of Union

• proposed by Ben Franklin during the French and Indian War to get the colonies to help England (his argument was that it would be bad if France took over)

• the colonies meet but don’t trust each other (view themselves as 13 separate entities), so they reject it

What was the role of the Iroquois in the French and Indian War?

They were on Britain’s side, but they avoided most fighting and just wanted to trade.

What was much of the French army composed of the in French and Indian War?

Coureurs de Bois (fur traders)

What were the places of conflict in the French and Indian War?

• the Ohio River Valley (PA/Pittsburgh area)

  • Fort Duquesne - owned by the French, located on the Pittsburgh point, so strategic for trade, defense, and transportation)

• Canada

What happened at the battle for Fort Duquesne during the French and Indian War?

George Washington and his troops were sent to capture it, but they were caught by Indians and ran (to build Fort Necessity).

What happened at Fort Necessity during the French and Indian War?

Washington and his men had 24 hours to build it, so it was small, poorly built, and in a bad location (trees all around - helps the French with their Guerilla Warfare). The French and natives captured the fort, sending the British home without weapons (this was Britain’s first fail).

Why weren’t the British upset that the Albany Plan of Union didn’t work out?

They feared what would happen if the colonies were united.

What did the meeting to discuss the Albany Plan of Union make clear?

• the colonies weren’t loyal to each other because they were all very different

• no colony wanted to give more than any other colony

Edward Braddock

British military officer in the French and Indian War; fought European-style, so his “sneak attack” of marching troops was heard from miles away by Indian scouts

• the French ambushed him, he and 500 other British were killed, and GW had the troops retreat

• the French/natives only lost 50

What was the turning point in the French and Indian War?

The British sieged Quebec in 1759 (the British outlasted the outnumbered French). This led to France’s surrender in 1763.

Peace of Paris

ended the French and Indian War in 1763

1. From the French, Britain got Canada and all lands to the Mississippi River except for New Orleans

2. From the Spanish (who jumped in at the end of the war), Britain got Florida

3. Spain got Louisiana from the French

How did the French and Indian War lead to the American Revolution?

1. Britain taxed the colonists to pay for the war debt.

2. When the British were in the colonies, they realized they needed to tighten control, which the colonists were angry about after the salutary neglect.

Proclamation Line of 1763

after Britain got land to the Mississippi River, they prohibited colonists from settling past the Appalachian Mountains (to lessen conflicts with natives)

• Response: Often ignored it, no large-scale protests but upset

Sugar Act

1764; import tax on sugar, coffee, wine, etc. + made sure taxes on goods were paid (cut down on smuggling)

• Response: Merchants most upset, Massachusetts created Committee of Correspondence (send concerns within own colony to other colony leaders - start to work together)

Quartering Act

1765; colonists must supply British troops with housing and goods

• Response: No joint protest, but angry b/c it meant soldiers were staying

Stamp Act

1765; revenue stamp put on all paper items

• Response: Really sets off colonists b/c Britain controlling internal affairs; organized protests, want representation, Stamp Act Congress

Declaratory Act

1766; asserts Britain’s right to pass laws/taxes on colonies

• Response: not much b/c celebrating repeal of Stamp and Sugar Acts

Townshend Acts

1767; import tax on glass, lead, paper, paint, tea, etc.

• Response: boycotts of taxed goods + Massachusetts sends Circular Letter of concerns to other colonies, Britain demands it to be rescinded; is repealed b/c of Boston Massacre

Boston Massacre

1770; colonists throw stuff at soldiers, someone rings fire bell, Brit mistakenly fires, chaotic scene in which 5 colonists are killed

• Response: want revenge; soldiers put on trial (would lose legitimacy if just killed them) - John Adams is attorney to save court system

What colony is especially upset by the taxes on goods and why?

Massachusetts b/c it’s a huge port colony (Boston)

What did the British say in response to the colonies arguing that they have no representation?

they have “virtual representation”

What happened at the Boston Massacre trial?

argument about where commander was standing (not behind), 2 convicted of manslaughter and branded

Tea Act

1773; increased tea tax and must buy from British East India Company

• Response: boycott of tea, refuse to unload crates, Boston Tea Party

Boston Tea Party

1773; Sons of Liberty had meeting in church, dressed as Mohawks, dumped tea in harbor - huge economic loss for BEIC

• Response: kept involvement secret until years later - British furious b/c can’t point finger at anyone

Intolerable Acts

1774; aka Coercive Acts, British response to Boston Tea Party - close Boston Harbor & put Massachusetts under Martial Law (military occupation)

• Response: unifying - colonies support Boston, 1st Continental Congress in Philly to form response

militia

localized, informal group prepared to fight

What do most people at the 1st Continental Congress want?

to negotiate, not a revolution; but do form militias just in case war happens

nonimportation

halt commerce with Britain; implemented at the 1st Continental Congress; King George laughs/doesn’t take them seriously

Patrick Henry’s Speech in the Virginia Convention

• March 1775 in House of Burgesses

• argues they’re slaves, war has already begun b/c can’t be peace when there’s injustice

• “Give me liberty, or give me death!”

Lexington and Concord

• 1st battles of the revolution

• British went there to take weapons from arsenal

• Paul Revere warned them with Midnight Ride

minutemen

militiamen (could get ready in a minute to fight)

Shot Heard Round the World

1st shot of Revolution - don’t know who or if accidental/purposeful

Bunker Hill

early battle (1775); won by the British but makes them realize Americans are serious

2nd Continental Congress

1775; make Continental Army and put GW in charge

Prohibitory Act

British block all American trade (seize ships, block ports) near beginning of Rev.

Common Sense

1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine; tons read it

• was unifying - argued against monarchies/hereditary power, for total separation (birth of new world at hand), law is king, all through logic

Loyalists

aka Tories, didn’t want to break away b/c doing well economically & thought Patriots in Boston brought trouble upon themselves

• there were many of them

Washington’s Army

professional army to fight war, shows potential allies like France that they’re serious

How well did the war go for the Americans at the beginning?

not well - several losses

Crossing of the Delaware

Washington and troops crossed Delaware River from PA to Trenton, NJ for a surprise attack on Hessians on Christmas 1776

Hessians

German mercenaries who fought for the British

Battle of Saratoga

huge victory for Americans in fall 1777 in NY, led by Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold (Arnold’s heroism)

• stops British from isolating New England

When/why do the French agree to provide military assistance?

after the Battle of Saratoga b/c of the huge victory & b/c of Ben Franklin’s persuasion

Valley Forge

where GW & troops spend winter 1777-78 in PA; cold and not many supplies so many die and try to desert - GW thought might lose army

Benedict Arnold

traitor to Americans - bitter b/c thought should get more recognition/promotion after Saratoga, so gave plans/info to British at West Point for money

Why did the British choose to fight the 2nd part of the Rev. war in the south?

• more valuable b/c cash crops

• thought it was more Loyalist than it actually was (especially the countryside)

Yorktown

in VA; GW sieges it when hears Cornwallis and British would train there during winter 1781-82 - last major battle of Rev.

What do Loyalists do after the war?

some go back to England, some go to Canada, many stay and adjust but aren’t treated well

Why did the British lose the Revolution?

1. Thought could win if controlled cities - didn’t take into account Patriot countryside

2. Originally underestimated Americans’ military and resolve

3. Hard to move troops across so much land

4. France & others help colonies

Treaty of Paris (1783)

meet in Paris

• British agree to recognize America’s independence

• establish land boundaries for U.S.

• U.S. agrees to repay British merchants who lost $

• British agree to remove troops (but don’t)

How is the American Revolution unique?

It was completely successful.

Declaration of Independence author, audience, and purpose

author = Thomas Jefferson, audience = colonists and potential allies (like France), purpose = to break away, not to establish laws

General overview of the Declaration of Independence

• God-given rights (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness) aren’t subject to the government

• the people should be in charge of gov

• lists grievances (must explain why they want to separate)

• tried to avoid breaking away, but none of efforts worked

• lastly, the actual declaration

What/when was the Americans’ first attempt at a written constitution?

the Articles of Confederation - all state legislatures ratified it in 1781

What are some things that show people didn’t want to make the AOC too strong?

1. no executive

2. no clear-cut federal court system

3. had Congress, but it didn’t have much power

How much were the states united during the AOC?

not much - people viewed themselves as being from their state, not from America (13 separate entities), took pride in their state

How did voting work under the AOC?

• each state got 1 vote

• 9 votes needed to pass law

• all 13 votes needed to amend AOC

What could Congress do under the AOC?

• declare war (9 votes)

• pass a law (9 votes)

• sign treaties and assign ambassadors

What were some weaknesses of the AOC?

• couldn’t tax states (must ask them for $ based on pop./land)

• couldn’t draft troops (must ask states for troops)

• couldn’t enforce laws (up to the states)

• couldn’t regulate foreign & interstate commerce (up to the states)

• couldn’t settle disputes btwn states b/c no court

• hard to pass laws b/c 9 or 13 votes required

• no national currency

• 1 vote per state - unequal representation

AOC situation: Vermont wanted to be a state, would ally with Britain if couldn’t

Vermont would become a state in future (1791)

AOC situation: Needed $45 million to pay back debts to Britain and France, asked colonists for money based on land value.

At first, doesn’t pass, but as tensions escalate with British and French, it does (but some states still don’t pay). Since British not paid back fully, won’t remove soldiers from forts.

AOC situation: Need to pay soldiers to avoid coup, so want to collect 5% tariff & put head tax on slaves.

Doesn’t pass (needs all 13 states) - Washington gives speech to dissuade coup at Newburgh, NY, Robert Morris gives $800,000 to troops, federal army disbanded.

AOC Situation: Large states don’t want to give up western land claims, but small states think it’s unfair.

All states give western land claims to national gov, goes under Thomas Jefferson’s Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

Land Ordinance

1785; established a system to organize and sell land in the Ohio River Valley in which land is given to war veterans and sold to settlers, and the money is used to fund schools

Northwest Ordinance

1787; system to admit new states to the US; no slavery in western regions, can become state once has 60,000 male settlers, can write own constitutions with bill of rights

What were the major achievements under the AOC?

1. Won Rev. War

2. Land Ordinance of 1785

3. Northwest Ordinance of 1787

AOC Situation: British aren’t leaving forts, Spain wants Americans to break away and join them, Indians attack Americans, and Barbary pirates in Africa attack Americans ships. Congress asks for troops and navy.

Issues not resolved for a while - Pinckney’s treaty finally resolves issues with Spain in 1795, battles with natives, navy not created until 1794 under Constitution

AOC Situation: Geogia taxes SC merchants to buy Georgia’s goods. SC asks Congress to make it illegal for one state to tax another.

Doesn’t pass b/c requires all 13 votes.

AOC Situation: Shays’ Rebellion - Massachusetts veteran farmers who haven’t been paid, are being taxed, and are being kicked off land shut down courthouses and marched to the arsenal - Congress asks states for money/troops

only Virginia gives money, so elites in Massachusetts must form own armies to crush rebellion

What did Shays’ Rebellion lead to?

the need for a stronger central gov so the Constitutional Convention

Annapolis Convention

1785 convention in Annapolis, MD to work on stronger gov - only 5 states sent delegates, so decided to hold Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia

confederation

loose association of states where states have the power (doesn’t work too well if the states don’t agree)

Constitutional Convention: What is the decision of state vs. national power?

federalism - national and state governments share power (have different powers but sometimes work together)

the Virginia Plan

bicameral legislature soley based on population (in interest of big states)

the New Jersey Plan

unicameral legislature with the same number of votes for each state (in interest of small states)

Constitutional Convention: outcome between Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan

Great Compromise/Connecticut Compromise: bicameral legislature where the Senate has equal representation and the House of Representatives has representation based on population

Constitutional Convention: outcome of debate on counting slaves for population/taxes (south threatened to leave convention if slaves not counted for representation)

3/5 Compromise - 3/5 of slave population counted to determine taxes and representation in House of Representatives/Electoral College

Constitutional Convention: outcome of debate about how the executive should work

There would be a single president who has a four-year term (originally no limit on # of terms). Elected by electoral college (electors chosen by state legislatures).

electoral college

officially elects the president

• # of electors = # of reps + # of Senators

Constitutional Convention: outcome of debate about the slave trade

It would continue for 20 more years (until 1808) before ending. If it was abolished then, the Carolinas and Georgia wouldn’t accept the Constitution.

What were some weaknesses of the AOC that the Constitution addressed?

• now have an executive

• Congress can tax

• 3 branches

Antifederalists

opposed ratification of the Constitution (wanted Bill of Rights)

• Bill of Rights was added to get the states to pass it

Federalists (Constitution)

wanted ratification of the Constitution

Federalist Papers

essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay arguing for ratification of the Constitution

veteran farmers after the Rev.

• struggled to adjust (in debt b/c many not paid for 20+ years)

• trade slow to recover

• rising taxes

women after the Rev.

• still have limited rights

• viewed as necessary to developing a strong nation through republican motherhood

republican motherhood

women should be educated so they could teach their sons the principles of republican government

How did a distinct American culture develop after the Rev.?

• promotion of a distinctly American culture through education

• painting of Rev. heroes, advances in science, more colleges opened

slavery after the Rev.

• slavery faded in some northern states - northern slaves sued for freedom using Rev. ideals

• free black communities

• African Methodist Episcopal Church founded by former slave

• some southerners freed slaves, but slavery in south grew

• Quakers and others tried to help slaves get to freedom

Who are the first president and VP?

• president - GW (elected unanimously)

• VP - John Adams

What did GW want to be addressed as?

Mr. President

What is especially important about GW’s presidency?

He set an example for all future presidents.

What did GW establish during his presidency?

a cabinet (OG made up of war, state, treasury, and justice departments)

• Secretary of State = Thomas Jefferson

• Secretary of Treasury = Alexander Hamilton