human a & p 1-3

Anatomy

is the study of structure (the blueprint)

Physiology

is the study of function (how it works)

structure drivess function

a body part’s shape dictate its job (Ex. hinged finger joints allow grabbing)

Hierarchy of life

atom & molecules → organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism (you)

append-

to hang something (ex. appendages hanging off the torso)

cardi-

heart (Ex. cardio exercise pumps the heart)

cerebr-

brain (ex. cerebral person uses their brain)

cran-

helmet (ex.cranium skull protecting the brain)

dors-

back (ex. shark’s dorsal fin on its back)

Homeo-

same (ex. homogeneous milk is mixed the exact same)

-ology

study of (ex. biology is the study of life)

meta-

change (ex. metamorphosis is changing form)

Nas-

nose (ex. nasal spray goes up the nose)

orb-

circle (ex. eye orbit is a circular socket)

pariet-

wall (ex. painting a parietal wall)

pelv-

basin (ex. pelvis shaped like a bowl/basin)

peri-

around (ex. perimeter boundary all around)

pleur-

rib (ex. pleurisy pain near chest/ribs)

-stasis

standing still/stable (ex. stasis means staying balanced)

super-

above(ex. superman flying high above)

-tomy

cutting (ex. autopsy involves cutting into tissues)

early humans took an interest in anatomy to understand

injuries, illnesses, and loss of function

evolution of medicine

pain → magic (superstition) → logic (cause & effect) → plants (herbs/medicine)

scientific method

observe pain → ask why → formulate hypothesis → test (ex. x-ray)

homeostasis

The constant effort to keep the internal environment stable and balanced

internal environment

the fluid outside cells (extracellular fluid) surrounding them

feedback loop components

• Receptors (sensors)

• Control center (brain)

• effector (doer)

Receptors (sensors)

detects a change/problem (ex. temperature rises)

Control center (brain)

processes information and sends a commands

effector (doer)

responds to correct the issues (ex. sweat glands activate)

feedback types

negative feedback

positive feedback

Memory trick:

negative=neutralize (back to normal)

positive= push it (until finished)

Negative Feedback

reverses a change back to normal, then stops (Ex. body temperature regulation, insulin/glucagon blood sugar control)

positive feedback

amplified/ramps up a response until a specific process completes (ex. blood clotting, childbirth contractions)

requirements for survival

memory hook: W-F-O-F-P

1. water: fluid medium,temperature regulation

2. food: fuel and nutrients

3. oxygen: unlocks energy from food

4. heat: controls chemical reaction rates

5. pressure: air pressure (breathing) & blood pressure (circulation)

Axial

head, neck, and trunk

appendicular

upper and lower limbs (arms and legs)

serous membranes (double layered)

pariental layer

visceral layer

serous fluid

memory trick:

parietal=perimeter wall;

visceral=very close to organ

parietal layer

lines the wall of the cavity

visceral layer

covers the outside of the organ directly

serous fluid

lubricating fluid reducing friction between layers

Pleura

target organ: lungs

Pericardium

target organ: heart

peritoneum

target organ: abdominal cavity/organs

anatomical position

standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior

front

posterior

back

medial

toward midline

lateral

toward side

proximal

closer to point of attachment (trunk)

distal

farther from point of attachment

superficial

near surface

deep

internal

sagittal

divides into left and right

transverse

divides into top (superior) and bottom (inferior)

frontal (coronal)

divides into front (anterior) and back (posterior)

Bio-

life

mono-

single

di-

two

poly-

many (3+)

Glyc-/sacchar

sweet/sugar

lip-

fat

-lyt

break down

syn-

together

iso-

same/equal

Proton

positive charge

located in the nucleu

mass: 1amu

neutron

neutral charge

Located in the nucleus

Mass: 1 amu

electron

negative charge

located in the orbiting outer shells

~0 amu

major body elements

(CHONSP)

• carbon

• hydrogen

• oxygen

• nitrogen

• sulfuer

• phosphorus

makes up over 95% of body weight

atomic number

number of protons (Defines the elements)

mass number

protons + neutrons

isotopes

atomons of the same element with identical proton numbers but different neutron number (different atomic weights)

electron shells

1st shell holds 2 electrons

2nd shell holds 8 electrons

3rd shell holds 8 electrons

inert atoms

outer shell is full → unreactive

reactive atoms

outer shell is incomplete → gains, loses, or shares electrons to form chemical bonds

Ionic bond

formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract magnetically

cation and anion

cation

positively charged ion (lost an electron; Na+)

anion

negatively charged ion (gained an electron; Cl-)

covalent bond

formed when atoms share pairs of electrons

nonpolar and polar

nonpolar covalent

equal sharing of electrons (Ex. O2, lipids)

Polar Covalent

Unequal sharing (one atom hogs electrons, creating slight positive and negative poles)(ex. H2O)

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule and the slightly negative end of another polar molecule

electrolytes

substances that dissociate (break apart) into ions in water, conducting electrical current

acid

releases hydrogen ion (H+) in water

base

releases ion (like OH-) that bind with free H+ ions

pH scale

measure H+ concentration

pH 7.0

neutral (H+ =OH-)

ph less than 7.0

acidic

(lower H+ concentration)

ph greater than 7.0

basic/alkaline

(lower H+ concentration)

normal blood ph

7.35-7.45

acidosis

blood pH drops below 7.35

alkalosis

blood pH rises above 7.45

buffer

chemical systems that resist pH shifts by binding H+ when excessive and releasing H+ when deficient

organic molecule

• carbohydrates

• lipids

• protein

• nucleic acids

carbonhydrates

building block: monosaccharides

function: immediate fuel, source & structural markers

ex: glucose, glycogen, starch

lipids

building block: glycerol & fatty acids

function: long-term energy, cell membrane structure

ex: triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

proteins

building block: amino acids

function: enzymes, structural support, transport, receptors

ex: enzymes, hemoglobin, antibodies

nucleic acids

building block: nucleotides

function: storing and transmitting genetic code

ex: DNA, RNA

Denaturation

unfolding of a protein’s 3D structure (due to heat, radiation, or extreme pH), causing loss of functional ability