MASONRY 1

MASONRY

Building with units of various materials, natural or manufactured. Usually with the use of mortar as a bonding agent

BRICK MASONRY
STONE MASONRY
CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT

WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF MASONRY DISCUSSED IN THIS MODULE

BRICK

A masonry unit of clay, formed into a rectangular prism while plastic and hardened by drying in the sun or firing in a kiln

BRICK FORMING (Molding)
BRICK DRYING
(Cull)
FINAL PRODUCT

BRICK PRODUCTION

1. Soft-Mud -
2. Sand-Struck -
3. Water-Struck -
4. Stuff-Mud -
5. Dry Process

Methods of Brick Forming

Soft-Mud -

Methods of Brick Forming: wet clay with 20%-30% moisture

Sand-Struck -

Methods of Brick Forming: sand lined, matte finish

Water-Struck -

Methods of Brick Forming: water lined, smooth finish

Stuff-Mud -

Methods of Brick Forming: extruding, 12%-15% moisture, cutting the extrusion

Dry Process

Methods of Brick Forming: 5%-7% moisture, surrounded to high pressure, sharped edges, smooth surface

1. Sun Drying
2. Kiln Drying or Autoclave

Methods of Brick Drying

2. Kiln Drying or Autoclave

drying using furnace

Flashing

firing brick alternately with too much or too little air to vary face color

CULL

rejected due to inferior quality

Wythe or "Withe"
Course
Range
Closer
Joint

PARTS OF BRICK MASONRY (WALL)

Wythe or "Withe"

vertical section of a masonry wall one masonry unit thick

Course

continuous horizontal layer of masonry units

Range

continuous course of masonry units having the same height from end to end

Closer

the last masonry unit laid in a course

Joint

binder in between two masonry units

1. Bed Joint
Cup Joint
2. Head Joint
3. Collar Joint

TYPES OF JOINTS

Bed Joint

- horizontal joint

Cup Joint

- bed joint made thicker for leveling

Head Joint

- vertical joint perpendicular to the face

Collar Joint

- vertical joint between two wythes

Common brick
Facing brick
Firebrick

TYPES OF BRICKS

Common brick

general purpose, not specially treated for color and texture. "Building Brick"

Facing brick

Special clay for facing a wall, usually treated for color and texture

Firebrick

fire clay, refractory clay, used for lining furnaces and fire place

1. FBX - minimum variation in size, color, chippage, and distortion
2. FBS - minimum variation size, wide color range
3. FBA - non uniform size, color, texture

TYPES OF FACING BRICK (SIZE COLOR CHIPPAGE, DISTORTION)

1. SW - severe weathering
2. MW - moderate weathering
3. NW - negligible weathering

GRADES OF FACING BRICK (DURABILITY TO WEATHERING)

AWA NALANG SA PRINT

BRICK SIZES

BRICK WORKING

art of bonding bricks effectively

a. Brick Laying
b. Brick Joints
c. Brick Bonding

BRICK WORKING (3)

HORIZONTALLY LAID AND EXPOSED FACE
LE, SE - ROWLOCK
LE, BF - SHINER
SE, LE - SOLDIER
SE, BF - SAILOR
BF, LE - STRETCHER
BF, SE - HEADER

LE- LONG EDGE SE - SHORT EDGE BF- BROAD FACE

BRICK LAYING

SOAP
BAT

TYPES OF CUT BRICKS

SOAP

CUT BRICKS: Normal face dimension with a nominal thickness of 2

BAT

CUT BRICKS: cut transversely with one end whole

TOOLED JOINT
TROWELED JOINT
POINT OR POINTING

Brick Joints (3)

TOOLED JOINT
- CONCAVE Curved, using a rounded bar
- V-JOINT Angular, using a v-shaped jointer
- RAKED Deep, using a square-edged tool

Brick Joints: weather resistant joint compressed and shaped with any tool other than trowel. GIVE ALSO THE TYPES

TROWELED JOINT
- WEATHER Press upper edge, sheds water readily
- FLUSH Flush with masonry unit
- STRUCK Press lower edge, reverse of weather joint

Brick Joints: striking-off excess mortar with a trowel

POINT OR POINTING
- TUCK Raking out defective mortar, filling and tooling
-TUCK AND PAT Ornamental fillet of lime or putty
-BASTARD Ornamental fillet of mortar
- FLAT JOINT Flush of common morta

Brick Joints: to fill or finish the surface of a masonry joint with mortar after laying

Bond

the arrangement of masonry units. Having a regular, recognizable, usually overlapping pattern to increase strength and enhance appearance.

1. Running bond - overlapping stretcher
2. Stack bond - stretcher course with all head joint aligned
3. Common Bond - header course after 5 or 6 stretcher course
4. Flemish Bond - alternating header and stretcher
- Flemish Cross Band
- Flemish Diagonal Bond
5. English Bond - alternative course of header and stretcher has aligned joints
6. Garden Wall - a header and 3 stretcher

TYPES OF BRICK BONDING

Queen closer - 1/2 of normal length
King closer - 1/3 of normal length

TYPES OF CLOSERS

Solid Masonry
Composite Wall

TYPES OF BRICK WALL MASONRY (2)

Solid Masonry

A wall constructed with solid masonry units laid on adjacent wythes

Composite Wall

- at least one wither dissimilar to others

Backing -supports, strengthens, and protects a facing.
Facing - ornamental layer which also acts as a protective layer.
Adhered Veneer - non-structural facing supported and bonded to a backing Anchored Veneer - a veneer secured to a backing using fasteners.

PARTS OF COMPOSITE WALL

FACED WALL
CAVITY WALL
VENEERED WALL
GROUTED MASONRY
REINFORCED GROUTED MASONRY

Types of Composite Walls

FACED WALL

Masonry wall facing bonded to the backing

CAVITY WALL

Masonry wall having a facing and backing completely separated except for metal ties

VENEERED WALL

- Non-structural facing attached, not bonded, to a backing or supporting structure

GROUTED MASONRY

A cavity wall with its cavity filled with a grout

GROUT

fluid mortar used to fill narrow cavity into sold mass

GROUT LIFT

increment of grout height with in a grout pour

GROUT POUR

Total height to be filled with grout

≤ 6" - HIGH-LIFT GROUTING
≤ 8", or 6 times grout width - LOW-LIFT GROUTING

Measurement of High-lift grouting and Low-lift grouting

Reinforced Grouted Masonry

Masonry wall with steel reinforcement

STONE

Rock or piece of rock quarried and worked into a specific size and shape for particular purpose

1. FIELDSTONE
DIMENSION STONE
2. DRESSED STONE
3. FINISHED STONE

A. PRODUCTION OF MASONRY STONE

FIELDSTONE

Loose, unfinished stone found on the surface

DIMENSION STONE

Quarried and squared stone 2 feet or more in length and width and of specified thickness

DRESSED STONE

Worked to desired shape and smoothed on the face

FINISHED STONE

(Cut stone) Machined to relative fine finish

SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
IGNEOUS

B. TYPES OF ROCK/STONE ACCORDING TO FORMATION

LIMESTONE

deposition of sediments, soft stone

METAMORPHIC

undergone changes in texture, structure, or composition due to natural agents, moderate hardness

IGNEOUS

crystalized molten magma

1. LIMESTONE (3)
2. SANDSTONE (3)

TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY STONE

1. Marble - from limestone
2. Verd Antique - mottled serpentine
3. Slate - compressed clay or shale
4. Quartzite - compact, quartz
5. Gneiss - banded or foliated, minerals in layer

TYPES OF METAMORPHIC STONE

1. Granite
2. Obsidian
3. Malachite
4. Serpentine
5. Basalt
6. Volcanic Tuff or "Philippine Adobe"

TYPES OF IGNEOUS STONE

GRANITE

hard, coarse-grained of quarts, feldspar, and mica

OBSIDIAN

volcanic glass, black

MALACHITE

green to nearly black, copper carbonate

SERPENTINE

hydrous magnesium silicate, green, mottled appearance

BASALT

extrusive type of Igneous Rock where in the volcanic magma or lava reaches and cools down at the surface of the earth

VOLCANIC TUFF OR PHILIPPINE ADOBE

rock that forms from the products of an explosive volcanic eruption. In these eruptions, the volcano blasts rock, ash, magma and other materials from its vent.

1. RUBBLE
B. ASHLAR

C. STONE LAYING (GIVE 2 TYPES)

RUBBLE

rough fragments of broken stone or the masonry built of such stone

1. RANDOM
2. COURSED
3. SQUARED
4. CYCLOPEAN

TYPES OF RUBBLE STONE LAYING

RANDOM

TYPES OF RUBBLE STONE LAYING: - discontinuous, approximate level bed

COURSED

TYPES OF RUBBLE STONE LAYING: continuous, level bed

SQUARED

TYPES OF RUBBLE STONE LAYING: squared stone coursed every layer

CYCLOPEAN

TYPES OF RUBBLE STONE LAYING: large irregular blocks of stone fitted closely without mortar

ASHLAR

squared building stone finely dressed on all faces adjacent to those of other stone so as to permit very thin mortar joints

1. RANDOM
2. COURSED
3. BROKEN

TYPES OF ASHLAR STONE LAYING

RANDOM

TYPES OF ASHLAR STONE LAYING: discontinuous course

COURSED

TYPES OF ASHLAR STONE LAYING: stones having the same height within each course, each course vary in height

BROKEN

TYPES OF ASHLAR STONE LAYING: horizontal courses of varying heights may be broken at intervals into two or more course.

a. Joint Treatments
b. Types of Surface Treatment:

D. STONE FINISHES (2)

1. SQUARED
2. RUSTICATED
- PITCH-FACED
- SUNK DRAFT

TYPES OF JOINT TREATMENTS

SQUARED

A. JOINT TREATMENTS : joints having sharp corners creating a flush faces

RUSTICATED

A. JOINT TREATMENTS : Visible faces of dressed stone raised or contrasted with joints

1. PICTH-FACED
- BEVELED , CHAMFERED
2. SUNK DRAFT
- SUNK/RAVVETTED

TYPES OF RUSTICATED JOINT TREATMENT

Placement of Draft
Tooling of Side to Produce Draft Margin

Rustication process:

DRAFT

line or border as a guide for the stonecutter in leveling surfaces

DRAFT MARGIN

smooth uniform margin

1. SAWN FINISH
2. FLAME FINISH
3. TOOLED FINISH
4. ROUGH FINISH
5. SMOOTH FINISH

b. Types of Surface Treatment:

SAWN FINISH

- done using saw