AP Human Geography Chapters 1-8

Semester 1

A worldwide outbreak of disease

pandemic.

 Regional outbreak of disease

epidemic

A set of processes that are increasing interactions, interdependence without regard to country borders

globalization

The visible imprint of human activity on a landscape

cultural landscape

 The art and science of making maps

cartography

 Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features

Global Positioning System (GPS)

 A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study

Remote Sensing

 A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user

Geographic Information System (GIS)

 The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society

Culture

 The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger

Expansion Diffusion

 The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person

Contagious Diffusion

Which of the following best defines Carl Sauer’s concept of cultural landscape?

An area fashioned from nature by a cultural group.

"Twenty four specific objects transmit complex radio codes, including time signals traveling at the speed of light. you can contact at least 4 of these 24 objects at any time of the day or night" (this is referring to technology for mapping)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

 Toponyms in Southern California reflect?

The heritage of its settlers.

*spatial analysis tradition in geography

focuses on using quantitative methods, GIS, and mathematical models to understand patterns, distributions, and relationships of features across space, emphasizing concepts like location, distance, and movement

 examples of Cultural Landscape?

Historic farms, designed parks, urban neighborhoods with unique customs, and sacred sites.

A straight line on a navigation map using the Mercator projection represents

Rhumb Line (or loxodrome)

 A ships position is given as 0 degrees latitude and 27 degrees west longitude. We can conclude from this information that that ship is located

On the equator.

The diffusion pattern of Walmart stores, which have spread from small towns to large cities throughout the United States, is an example of

reverse hierarchical diffusion

 The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development

Environmental Determinism

 The total number of people divided by the total land area

Arithmetic Density

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

 has to do with demographic transition model stages

Population Pyramid

 In countries that would fall into Stage 2 of the model, the economy would be best characterized as (Use Diagram )

Agricultural

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population

Demographic Transition

 highest dependency ratios are (population pyramids)

Expansive (triangle-shaped) pyramids with a very wide base (many children) or inverted pyramids with a heavy top (many elderly).

The diagram that most resembles the population structure of the United States is (population pyramids)

More rectangular or dome shaped.

Which Population pyramid shown best represents a college town? (population pyramids)

A significant bulge or peak in the 18-24 age group.

 The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

Doubling time

 Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people

Epidemiology

 The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

Ecumene

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1000 live births in a society

Infant Morality Rate (IMR)

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives

Vaccines

percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

 The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

Physiological Density

 A decline in the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero

Zero Increase Rate

 Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

Remittances

 For example, college attendance or military service - that involves temporary, recurrent relocation

Circulation

 A change in residence intended to be permanent

Migration

 A common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers in the United States and tens of millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances

Guest Worker

 Human movement involves movement across international boundaries

International Migration

 The act of a person migrating into a particular country or era

Immigration

 In the context of mass migration, the African Diaspora refers to

The scattering and dispersion of people of African descent from their homelands.

The gravity model states that as the distance increases between two equally-sized, equally populated cities, the level of economic and culture interaction

Decreases

 Human movement within a nation-state, such as ongoing westward and southward movements in the United States

Internal Migration

 Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move

Voluntary Migration

 Developed by British demographer Ernst Ravenstein, five laws that predict the flow of migrants

most migration is short-distance, in steps; long-distance migrants go to major cities; rural dwellers are more migratory than urbanites; each flow has a counter-flow; and while families are less mobile, young adults (especially males for long distances) migrate more, primarily for economic reasons, with distinct gender differences in travel distance

 A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them

Gravity Model

 Negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their adobe and migrate to a new location

Push Factors

 Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas

Pull Factors

The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

Distance Decay

 Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Step Migration

 The act of the government sending a migrant out of its country and back to the migrants home country

Deportation

A pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links (i.e. one migrant settles in a place and then writes, calls, or communicates through others to describe this place to family and friends who in turn then migrate there)

Chain Migration

 Phenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination

Immigration Wave

Wilbur Zelinsky's model of migration predicted

Rural-to-urban migration continues, though at a reduced scale, while residential mobility, urban-to-urban migration and circular movements increase significantly.

 Migration that takes place across international boundaries and between world regions

International Migration

A physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

Colonization

 Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure

Island of Development

 The Soviet policy to promote the diffusion of Russian culture throughout the republics of the former Soviet Union

Russification

Legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term

Guest Worker

People who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country

Asylum Seeker

Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state

United Nations High Commission for Refugees

A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization

Voluntary Repatriation

 Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethical, racial, or religious group

Genocide

 Laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state

Sanctuary Policies

Established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year

Quotas

 Process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds (i.e. criminal records, poor health, or subversive activities) are barred from immigrating

Selective Immigration

 The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act

Custom

Many less developed countries fear the loss of folk culture because

Globalization spreads dominant popular cultures

 Terroir refers to

Contribution of a locations distinctive physical features to the way food tastes.

Typically, popular culture

Refers to the widely accepted ideas, practices, trends, and media (like music, movies, fashion, and social media) that are mainstream, accessible, and enjoyed by a large portion of society, changing rapidly with contemporary influences, technology, and mass media.

 Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups

Folk Culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics

Popular Culture

 A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

Dialect

 A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used

Dead Language

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate

Isogloss

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousands of years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family

Language Branch

 A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history

Language Family

 A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary

Language Group

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Lingua Franca

A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound

Logogram

 A lingua franca is

A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

Basque is a good example of a(n)

Isolated Language

According to Colin Renfrew's research, Indo-European languages diffused across Europe

Indo-European languages spread across Europe not through invasions, but slowly and steadily with the expansion of early agricultural communities from Anatolia.

 The language spoken by the greatest number of native speakers in the world is

Mandarin

A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect which was used for official documents

Vulgar Latin

 Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists

Agnosticism

 Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have discrete spirit and conscious life

Animism

 A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body

Denomination

 A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

Ethnic Religion

A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control

Hierarchial Religion

The doctrine of or belief in the existence of only one God

Monotheism

 A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes

Pilgrimage

 Belief in or worship of more than one god

Polytheism

 A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

Sect

 A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location

Universalizing Religion

 The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence

Genocide