Civil Rights Act

James Farmer

Co-founder of CORE, led Freedom Rides for desegregation.

Jackie Robinson

First African American MLB player, symbol of racial integration.

Stokely Carmichael

SNCC leader, advocate of Black Power and self-sufficiency.

Malcolm X

Nation of Islam figure, promoted black empowerment.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

SCLC leader, advocated nonviolent resistance for civil rights.

Thurgood Marshall

First African American Supreme Court Justice, argued Brown v. Board.

Rosa Parks

Boycott catalyst, symbol against racial segregation.

Mose Wright

Testified in Emmett Till case, symbol of courage.

Emmett Till

Murder victim, galvanized Civil Rights Movement.

Little Rock Nine

First African Americans to attend an integrated school , tested desegregation laws.

John Lewis

SNCC leader, key figure in Selma March and voting rights.

Shelby County v. Holder, 2013

Invalidated parts of Voting Rights Act, raised voter suppression concerns.

Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

Declared school segregation unconstitutional, major Civil Rights victory.

Boynton v. Virginia, 1960

Ruled segregation in transportation illegal, supported Freedom Rides.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

Upheld 'separate but equal' doctrine, overturned by Brown v. Board.

Fair Housing Act, 1968

Prohibited housing discrimination based on race, religion, national origin.

Redlining

Discriminatory loan practice, led to economic disparities.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference MLK’s organization for nonviolent protest in Civil Rights Movement.

SNCC

Youth-focused civil rights group, involved in sit-ins and voter registration.

Black Panthers

Militant group for black power, community programs.

CORE

Organized Freedom Rides, advocated nonviolent resistance.

Freedom Riders

Challenged bus segregation, drew national attention.

Freedom Summer

1964 voter registration drive in Mississippi, faced violent opposition.

Voting Rights Act, 1965

Outlawed discriminatory voting practices, increased African American participation.

Voting suppression tactics:

-Gerry-mandering

-Literacy tests

Civil Rights Act, 1964

Banned discrimination, ended segregation, major Civil Rights achievement.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Protest against bus segregation, led to Supreme Court ruling.

Sit-ins

Protest form occupying spaces in establishments.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

Federal agency enforcing workplace discrimination laws since 1964.

Literacy Tests

Tests used to disenfranchise African American voters through difficult voting requirements.

Poll Tax

Tax for voting, historically used to prevent African Americans from voting.

Voter Suppression

Strategies to discourage specific groups from voting, including voter ID laws.

24th Amendment

1964 amendment abolishing poll taxes in federal elections.

Selma March

A march that was attempted three times to protest voting rights, with many peaceful demonstrators injured and killed. Led by MLK. Resulted in Voting Rights Act.

De Facto Segregation

Racial segregation by fact, not law, often due to social factors.

De Jure Segregation

Racial segregation enforced by law, prevalent in the South.

Kerner Commission

Commission investigating 1967 race riots causes, highlighting systemic racism.

Detroit Riots 1967

Violent 1967 Detroit civil disturbance fueled by racial tensions.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

1964 party challenging Mississippi's all-white Democratic delegation.

Black Nationalism

Movement emphasizing racial pride and black institutions, diverging from nonviolent approaches.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 resolution authorizing military force in Southeast Asia.

Domino Theory

Belief that communism's spread would lead neighboring countries to fall.

Kent State

University where National Guardsmen shot student protesters in 1970.

My Lai

1968 massacre of Vietnamese civilians by U.S. soldiers.

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of North Vietnam against South Vietnamese and American forces.

Tet Offensive

1968 Viet Cong and North Vietnamese attack shifting U.S. public opinion.

Geneva Accords

A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

Student Deferment

Policy allowing college students to delay military service during Vietnam War.

Vietnamization

Nixon's strategy to withdraw U.S. troops and shift combat to South Vietnamese forces.

Colonialism

Vietnam's history as a French colony and fight for independence.

Nationalism

Vietnamese desire for self-determination and resistance against foreign powers.

Guerrilla Warfare

Vietnam War tactic involving ambushes and unconventional warfare.

Agent Orange

Chemical weapon used in Vietnam War with long-lasting health effects.

Tenth Amendment

Amendment stating that the powers not delegated to the federal gov. are reserved to the states

Assassinations of 1968

Martin Luther King Jr shot by a man in Memphis Tennessee on April 4. June 6, two months later Robert F Kennedy was shot by a Palestine the day he was nominated President.

14th Amendment

granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to anyone born in the United States or who became a citizen of the country