MICROBILOGY- 2 reviewer (evaluative)

What is a prokaryote?

Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus.

What is an example of a prokaryote?

E. Coli

How are bacteria identified?

Eubacteria and archaebacteria are both prokaryotic classes. Eubacteria have a cell wall containing peptidoglycan with a cell membrane. Archaebacteria lack peptidoglycan and have different membrane lipids.

What terminology is used for round bacteria?

-Coccus

Rod bacteria?

-Bacillus

Spiral bacteria?

-Spirillum

Bacteria in chains?

Strepto-

Bacteria in pairs?

Diplo-

Bacteria in clusters?

Staphylo-

What is gram staining?

A procedure to distinguish the types of cell walls in eubacteria. Gram-positive have thick cell walls with peptidoglycan and stain violet. Gram-negative have thin cell walls and stain pink. {Purple: Positive, Red: Negative -- think of a marked-up test}

How do bacteria reproduce?

Binary fission (produces two daughter cells asexually), conjugation, and spores

How do bacteria exchange DNA?

Conjugation (a hollow bridge forms between two bacterial cells and genes move from one cell to the other)

What structure do bacteria produce in order to survive harsh conditions?

Spores (can remain dormant until conditions improve and they are able to germinate)

How are bacteria important to our environment?

Some are producers, decomposers, and nitrogen fixers. They are also used for human purposes (medicine, food production, industrial chemistry)

Name bacterial diseases.

Lyme disease, tetanus, TB, and bacterial meningitis

Be able to draw E. coli & know where its cell wall, membrane, DNA, and flagella are.

http://pulpbits.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/prokaryotic-cell-wall.jpg

How do you fight a bacterial infection?

Antibiotics.

How do antibiotics work?

Compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria.

Be able to draw a bacteriophage and label its capsid, DNA, neck, and tail fibers.

http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/T2phage.gif

Is a virus a living organism?

No.

How do you fight a viral infection?

Vaccines

How do vaccines work?

They are preparations of weakened/killed pathogens that, when injected into the body, prompts the body to promote an immunity to the disease.

Name viral diseases.

Common cold, influenza, AIDS, chickenpox, West Nile, HepB.

What are the two reproductive cycles of viruses?

In a lytic infection, a virus enters the cell and makes copies of itself before causing the cell to burst, which releases the baby viruses. In a lysogenic infection, the DNA of the host cell and the viral genetic info replicate indefinitely.

What is a prion and what disease does it cause?

Molecule of protein that does not contain DNA or RNA. They form protein clumps that induce normal molecules to be prions. It causes mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.

What is a protist?

Any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus, or prokaryote.

How are protists classified?

By the way they obtain their nutrition and their means of movement.

What type of protists are heterotrophic?

Animal-like protists (cilia, zooflagellates, sarcodines, and sporozoans).

What type of protists are photosynthetic?

Plant-like protists (englenophytes, dinoflagellates, chrysophytes, diatoms, green algae, brown algae, and red algae).

What types of protists are decomposers?

Fungus-like protists (water molds and slime molds).

How does an amoeba move?

The cytoplasm of the cell streams into the pseudopod and the rest of the cell follows.

How does a euglena move?

Two flagella emerge from a gullet at one end of the cell and the longer of these two flagella spins in a pattern to pull the organism through the water. When there isn't enough water, they use their pellicle (cell membrane).

How does a paramecium move?

Contractile vacuoles collects water and contracts abruptly, propelling the organism through the water.

What is the difference between a pathogen and a vector?

Pathogens are disease-causing agents. A vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell.

What disease is caused by Plasmodium and how do you get it?

Malaria, and is carried by mosquitoes.

What disease is caused by Entamoeba and how do you get it?

Amebic dysentery, spread by contaminated drinking water.

What disease is caused by Trypanosoma and how do you get it?

African sleeping sickness, from the tsetse fly bite.

How do protists benefit man?

Produce much of the world's oxygen, recycle nutrients and are important in food chains.

How do fungi obtain their nutrition?

They release enzymes that break down substrates and absorb the nutrients in it.

What are the cell walls of fungi made of?

Chitin.

What do fungi feed on?

Dead tissues and organic waste.

What are 4 examples of fungi?

Bread mold, yeast, mushrooms, and Fly Agaric.

Name 4 human diseases caused by parasitic fungi.

Athlete's foot, yeast infection, ringworm, and thrush.

What organisms make up a lichen?

Fungus + photosynthetic organism (green alga/cyanobacterium)

What organisms make up mycorrhizae?

Plant roots + fungi.