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8.1, 82 8.3, 8.4
State two reasons why solid domestic waste is increasing globally.
Increased production of plastic
Increasing population
Describe the difference between a linear and a circular economy.
Linear: single use system where items end up in landfills. Leads to more waste.
Circular: materials are recycled to be used in products more than once. Leads to less waste.
Outline three solid domestic waste management strategies.
Composting – reducing food waste in landfills by making it into dirt. Soil is also usable on farms.
Recycling – converting waist into reusable material.
Incineration, end, burning trash to keep it out of landfills.
Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of land filling.
Advantage: waste can be turned into energy.
Disadvantage: lack of sanitation, methane production.
Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of recycling.
Advantage: keeps trash out of landfills.
Disadvantage: more expensive than making new products.
State the name of the gas released from landfills that can be used in waste to energy schemes.
Methane
Define carrying capacity.
The number of organisms in an ecosystem can support sustainably.
Explain why human carrying capacity is difficult to determine. Provide three reasons.
Humans can modify the environment with technology.
Consumption differs across populations.
Unequal resource distribution.
Describe what an ecological footprint measures.
The impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain natural resources.
Ecological footprint of MEDCs.
High. Consumes more resources, produces more waste.
Ecological footprint of LEDCs.
Low. Lower consumption and waste. Reuse of items is more common.
Identify which environmental value systems are least, and most likely to encourage reducing plastic bag use.
Most likely: deep ecologists, anthropologists
Least likely: technocentrists
Explain one advantage of using the ecological footprint as a model for sustainability.
Quantitative and easily understood data (assesses humans demand on environment)
Define what earth overshoot day represents.
The day each year where humans have used all of the resources for that year.
Discuss how earth overshoot day does or does not help illustrate sustainability challenges.
Illustrates that time is running out
Humanity is falling deeper into ecological debt
State the equation for Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Births/Population x 100
Name 1 country with a high CBR and one country with a low CBR
High: United States
Low: Ethiopia
Define fertility rate
Number of births in a woman’s lifespan
What is the replacement rate for fertility?
2
What effect does religion have on fertility rate?
Promotes larger families
Promotes disuse of contraceptives
What effect do laws have on fertility rate?
Pro and anti natalist policies
What effect does healthcare have on fertility rate?
Related to access to contraceptives and family planning
What effect does sanitation have on fertility rate?
Good sanitation means a higher chance of survival
How do MEDCs and LEDCs view children as an addition to a family?
LEDC’s: Children are viewed as an asset
MEDC’s: Children are viewed as a financial burden
State the equation for Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Deaths/population x100
Name 1 country with a high CDR and one country with a low CDR
High CDR: South Africa
Low CDR: Mexico
How does sanitation effect death rate?
Bad sanitation will lead to more deaths
How does healthcare effect death rate?
Poor healthcare means less resources to save lives/proper nutrition, etc.
How does access to resources effect death rate?
Access to food, water, and shelter can effect physical health
State the equation for Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
CBR-CDR/10
State the equation for doubling time
70/NIR
At what point did population rate begin to spike?
With the introduction of agriculture
What does a Demographic Transition Model show?
The ages and sexes of populations
