BIOL 205 Microbiology Lecture Exam I Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards generated from lecture exam study objectives covering introductory microbiology, biochemistry, cellular structures, eukaryotic microorganisms, and acellular pathogens.

Pathogenicity

The ability for a microorganism to cause a disease in a host.

Pathogen

microorganism that can establish an infection and cause disease

Infection

When a microorganism colonizes an organism.

Immunity

The idea that the body recognizes pathogens.

saprophytic

Primary decomposers of dead organic matter

What can Microorganisms do?

• Key for Carbon and Nitrogen fixation

• Primary decomposers

• Base of the food chain

• Originate ecosystems

• Mutualistic: vitamin B & K production

• food productions

• medical uses

Bioremediation

Using microbes to clean up the environment.

Virus

Acellular entity composed of proteins, glycoproteins, and nucleic acids that has no metabolism and cannot reproduce independently.

Bacteria

Single-celled prokaryotes with cell walls containing peptidoglycan that reproduce by binary fission.

Archaea

Single-celled prokaryotes with cell walls made from pseudopeptidoglycan that are extremophiles with varied metabolisms.

Fungi

Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls containing chitin that are chemoheterotrophic and reproduce through mitosis or meiosis.

Protozoa

Unicellular, motile, animal-like eukaryotic chemoheterotrophs that reproduce via binary fission or schizogony.

Algae

Unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes with cell walls made of cellulose.

Helminths

Multicellular eukaryotic animals (worms) lacking cell walls that have defined tissues, are chemoheterotrophs, and reproduce sexually or asexually.

Taxonomy

How we name organisms; creating an orderly arrangement by naming organisms based on similarities.

Phylogeny

The study of the evolutionary history of organisms, which usually looks like a tree.

Normal Microbiota (Flora)

Microbes that cover the outer surfaces of your body, including the gastrointestinal system, providing vitamins K & B, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria growth, and aiding with digestion.

Animalcules

The term used by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek to describe the live microorganisms he observed.

Robert Hooke

Cell Theory

Louis Pasteur

Proved biogenesis

Debunked spontaneous generation

led to pasteurization (beer, milk, wine)

Used swan-neck flasks

pasteurization indicated

that microbes could affect organic matter and perhaps living matter

Joseph Lister

began to treat wounds with phenol (carbonic acid)

Robert Koch

Used a set of experiments to determine that anthrax was killing sheep and cattle (Koch’s postulates)

a series of logical experimental steps

Edward Jenner

First Known vaccination

collected cox pox blister scrapings and inoculated an 8-year-old boy

Pasteur

Showed that avirulent forms of bacteria protected against virulent forms

Paul Ehrlich

Proposes side-chain theory

(molecule-based immunity)

Paul Ehrlich

Theorizes that certain compounds can specifically inhibit pathogens while not effecting the host cells

Alexander Flemming

Discovered the first known antibiotic (penicillin)

Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID)

Diseases such as COVID, West Nile virus, and Ebola that can spread due to population density, sanitation, world travel, deforestation, and antibiotic resistance.

protons

Located in the nucleus, makes the identity of an element. Has a positive charge

Electon

Found traveling around the nucleus, has a negative charge.

Neutron

found inside the nucleus, has a neutral charge

Isotope

An alternative form of an element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Valence

The outermost shell of an atom; the number of electrons on the valence shell determines how an atom behaves.

Acids

0-7 pH

What makes things acidic?

high concentration of hydrogen ions

Bases

7-14 pH

What are organic compounds made out of?

CHONPS

Why is carbon important for organic compounds?

• can form 4 strong bonds with other things

• Carbon can bond with many different elements

What makes things alkaline?

high concentration of Hydroxide ions

Ionic Bond

A bond formed between ions, which are charged versions of atoms missing an electron or carrying an extra electron that they give away or receive.

Covalent Bond

A bond formed between atoms when they share one or multiple electrons to help fill outer shells' valences.

Hydrogen Bond

A bond formed when molecules have an uneven distribution of electrons within the molecules, creating partial charges.

Functional Group

A specific arrangement of atoms within an organic molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions.

Organic Compounds

1) Carbohydrates

2) lipids

3) proteins

4) nucleic acid

What are Carbohydrates?

Sugars, cellulose

What are Lipids?

cell membranes, waxes, steroids

What are proteins?

Enzymes, collagen, keratin

What are Nucleic acids?

DNA, RNA

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrate, it is a simple sugar (3-7 carbon atoms). Used for energy storage, part of the DNA and RNA backbone. Generally polar molecules.

Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides

Carbohydrates, they are short chains (2 units- di) (3-10 = oligo-). They are used for energy storage, bacterial cell walls, and eukaryotic plasma membranes.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates, straight or branched chains made up of many units (>10)

Cellulose = straight

Glycogen = branched

Diglycerides and Triglycerides

Simple lipids contain fatty acid chains and glycerol. Can contain unsaturated or saturated fats.

Phospholipds

Complex lipid - cell membrane

mycobacteria

Complex Lipid- cell walls

Steroid and Sterols

class of lipid- hormones, vitamins, cell membranes

waxes

Thick, waterproof lipids (typically oils that solidify) EX) outermost layer of skin and plant tissue

Some key functions of Lipids?

1) structural components

2) Important biological functions (hormones)

3) energy storage

4) Insulation

5) waterproofing

What makes up Proteins?

Amino Acids

Denaturing/ Denaturation

Disruption of protein structural conformation when heat disrupts hydrogen bonds

Examples of Protiens

1) Structural components

2) transport proteins

3) enzymes

4) antibodies

5) bacterial toxins

What makes up nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

Structure of Nucleic Acids

1) phosphate group

2) 5- carbon sugar

3) Nitrogenous bases

DNA

ATCG

RNA

AUCG

DNA- info

• double-stranded

• deoxyribose sugar- phosphate backbone

• Key function

  • genetic source of heritable traits

RNA- info

• single-stranded

• ribose sugar-phosphate groups

• functions

  • transfer of gene code out of the nucleus, used in ribosome translation of mRNA into amino acids

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

• key functions

  • energy transport, storage, and release

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction for building molecules where molecules combine and water is released as a product.

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction for breaking down molecules where water molecules are used to break a chemical bond.

Primary Protein Structure

The sequence of amino acids held by peptide bonds.

Secondary Protein Structure

The folding of an amino acid chain into sheets.

Tertiary Protein Structure

The three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions.

Quaternary Protein Structure

Protein structure consisting of more than one amino acid chain.

Glycocalyx

A capsule or slime layer made of polysaccharides or polypeptides used for attachment, controlling nutrients/dehydration/biofilms, and avoiding phagocytosis.

Endoflagella (Axial Filaments)

Flagellar structures wrapped around the cell wall that allow rotational movement by spinning the cell itself.

Fimbriae

Prokaryotic cell structures found at the poles or evenly distributed that function in surface attachment and biofilm formation.

Pili

Prokaryotic cell structures composed of pilin used for movement or conjugation/DNA transfer.

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Bacteria characterized by a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that stains purple.

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Bacteria are characterized by an outer lipopolysaccharide wall. and thin peptidoglycan layer STAINS PINK

Tonicity

The measurement of the concentration of a solute, such as salt or sugar, inside the cell compared to outside of the cell.

Osmosis

The movement of water from an area with a lot of water to an area with less water.

Passive transport

processes where solutes move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration, this does NOT require energy

Simple diffusion

Direct movement of solute particles across the phospholipid bilayer from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

Facilitated diffusion

the passive movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane through specific transmembrane proteins

Active Transport

Can move larger molecules/ ions against the concentration gradient if needed. These processes are ones that require energy to occur.

Endocytosis

Material into the cell, using vesicles

exocytosis

material out of the cell, using vesciles

Protein pumps

Help move certain molecules into the cell against the concentration gradient.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution where solute levels are high outside the cell, causing the cell to shrivel.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution where solute concentration is lower outside the cell, causing the cell to swell.

Nucleoid region

In prokaryotic cells, this is a region. A condensed area of DNA found in prokaryotic cells.

Endospore

A resting prokaryotic cell structure with a coat made of proteins and calcium ions that is highly resistant to temperature, UV light, and chemicals, and germinates into a vegetative cell.

Endosymbiotic Theory

Theory explaining how eukaryotic cells (plant and animal cells) evolved from simpler-celled organisms, which are prokaryotes.

Diameter of Prokaryotic cells

0.2 - 2 um

length of prokaryotic cell

2-8 um

Trichous

Hairlike

Flagella

located on the cell wall, made up of flagella proteins, functions in cellular movement

• can move in two ways

  • Tumbling- clockwise rotation

  • Running- counterclockwise rotation

Peptidoglycan

a tough, mesh-like polymer made of sugars and amino acids that forms the cell wall of most bacteria.

Nucleolus

A visually identifiable structure in the nucleus best known as the site of ribosome construction.