AP world unit review

-shakila

Unit 1: Global Tapestry (1200-1450)

• State Building: How different societies organize themselves politically. Think about what holds a country together.

  • Song China: Utilized Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy (government officials) to maintain control. The civil service exam allowed people to gain positions based on merit, not just birth - this created a meritocracy.

  • Abbasid Caliphate: As it declined, new Islamic states like the Delhi Sultanate and Mamluk Sultanate rose.

• Cultural Influence: How cultures spread and affect each other.

  • Buddhism: Spread from India to China via the Silk Roads, blending with Chinese ideas to form Chan Buddhism.

  • Dar al-Islam: A cultural region where Islamic practices were influential, facilitated by trade and the Sufi movement (a mystical form of Islam).

• Economic Growth: What makes economies boom.

  • Song China: Benefited from innovations like Champa Rice (faster-growing rice) and the Grand Canal (a major waterway), leading to a flourishing economy.

  • Indian Ocean Trade: Increased due to the desire for goods like Chinese porcelain and Indian cotton, along with technological innovations such as the lateen sail and magnetic compass.

• Networks of Exchange: How trade routes connect different parts of the world.

  • Silk Roads: Primarily traded luxury goods like silk. Cities like Samarkand and Kashgar grew along these routes.

  • Indian Ocean Network: Facilitated trade through innovations like lateen sails and the spread of Islam, which created connections among Muslim traders.

  • Trans-Saharan Trade: Connected North Africa with West Africa, spurred by the use of the Arabian camel. The Empire of Mali, under Mansa Musa, grew wealthy through this trade. Explores political organization, cultural exchanges, and economic growth from 1200 to 1450.

Unit 2: Networks of Exchange (1200-1450)

This unit goes deeper into how different societies were connected.

• Trade and Innovation: How trade leads to new ideas and technologies.

  • Silk Roads: The development of caravanserai (roadside inns) and the use of paper money boosted trade.

  • Indian Ocean Trade: The astrolabe and new ship designs like junks and dhows improved navigation.

• Cultural Exchange: How cultures influence each other through trade.

  • Buddhism: Spread into China from India.

  • Islam: Spread throughout Africa and Asia, influencing languages like Swahili and centers of learning like Timbuktu.

• Environmental Impact: How trade can affect the environment.

  • Spread of Crops: Bananas in Africa and Champa Rice in East Asia led to population growth.

  • Spread of Disease: The Bubonic Plague (Black Death) spread due to increased connectivity.

• The Mongols: How a large empire facilitates trade and exchange.

  • The Mongols created the largest land-based empire, which made the Silk Road safer and increased trade. They also facilitated cultural and technological transfers across Eurasia.This unit explores the impact of trade networks on societies, innovations in navigation, and cultural exchanges that shaped the interconnected world between 1200 and 1450.

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (1450-1750)

This unit focuses on empires that controlled large areas of land.

• Gunpowder Empires: Empires that expanded using gunpowder weapons.

  • Ottoman Empire: Expanded by using gunpowder; they sacked Constantinople in 1453.

  • Safavid Empire: A Shiite Islamic dynasty that conflicted with the Sunni Ottomans and Mughals.

  • Mughal Empire: Established in India by Babur using gunpowder.

  • Qing Dynasty: Established in China by the Manchu people.

• Maintaining Power: How rulers kept control.

  • Bureaucracies: The Ottomans used the devshirme system to create a loyal bureaucracy.

  • Military Professionals: The Ottomans used Janissaries, and Japan had the samurai.

  • Religion and Art: European monarchs claimed divine right, and rulers like Louis XIV used monumental architecture (like the Palace of Versailles) to display power.

  • Tax Collection: The Mughals used Zamindars, and the Ottomans used tax farming.

• Belief Systems: How religions can unite or divide.

  • Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church led to religious wars in Europe.

  • Syncretism: The blending of different religions, such as Sikhism in South Asia.This unit examines powerful land-based empires from 1450 to 1750, focusing on their expansion, governance, and cultural dynamics, including the Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Qing empires.

Unit 4: Maritime Empires (1450-1750)

This unit looks at empires that controlled trade routes and territories across the seas.

• Maritime Technology: New technologies that enabled sea travel.

  • Innovations like the astrolabe, magnetic compass, and lateen sail were adopted and improved by Europeans.

  • New ship designs like the caravel and Dutch Fluit facilitated trade and exploration.

• European Exploration: Why Europeans explored and colonized.

  • Motivations included gold, God, and glory.

  • Mercantilism drove empire building, as countries sought to increase their wealth at the expense of rivals.

  • The Portuguese established a trading post empire, and the Spanish explored the Americas.

• The Columbian Exchange: The exchange of goods, animals, and diseases between the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World (the Americas).

  • Foods like potatoes and maize went from the Americas to Europe.

  • Diseases like smallpox devastated indigenous populations in the Americas.

• Colonial Economies: How colonies were organized economically.

  • The Spanish used the encomienda and mita systems for coerced labor.

  • Mercantilism drove the acquisition of colonies to enrich the homeland.

  • Enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas to work on plantations.

  • This unit examines empires that dominated maritime trade routes and their economic, cultural, and political impacts during the period.

Unit 5: Revolutions (1750-1900)

This unit examines major changes and upheavals in the world.

• Enlightenment and Revolution: How new ideas led to revolutions.

  • The Enlightenment emphasized natural rights and the social contract.

  • Nationalism, a sense of belonging to a shared culture, also fueled revolutions.

  • Revolutions like the American Revolution, French Revolution, and Haitian Revolution were inspired by Enlightenment ideals.

• The Industrial Revolution: How manufacturing changed the world.

  • Began in Britain due to its access to resources and waterways.

  • The factory system and new technologies like the steam engine led to mass production.

  • New technologies, particularly the internal combustion engine, led to the Second Industrial Revolution.

• Economic and Social Changes: The effects of industrialization.

  • Capitalism and transnational corporations rose.

  • Labor unions formed to fight for workers' rights.

  • Karl Marx criticized capitalism and advocated for communism.

• Reforms and Reactions: How societies responded to industrialization.

  • Labor unions fought for better working conditions.

  • Socialism and communism emerged as alternative economic systems.

  • The Tanzimat Reforms in the Ottoman Empire aimed to modernize and resist Western influence.

  • This unit examines major changes and upheavals in the world during the late 18th and 19th centuries, focusing on revolutions inspired by Enlightenment ideals, the impact of the Industrial Revolution, and the emergence of new economic and social systems.

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (1750–1900)

Key Concepts:

• Industrialization and Imperialism: The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread globally, leading to increased production and a demand for raw materials. Industrialized nations expanded their empires to access these resources, resulting in imperialism.
  
  

• Colonial Economies: Colonies were reorganized to supply raw materials (like rubber and cotton) to industrial powers and served as markets for manufactured goods.
  
  

• Resistance to Imperialism: Colonized peoples resisted through rebellions and cultural preservation.
  
  

Major Events Defined:

• Industrial Revolution: A period of major industrialization that began in Britain in the late 18th century, leading to the development of machinery and mass production.
  
  

• Imperialism: The policy of extending a country's power through colonization or military force.
  
  

• Sepoy Rebellion (1857): A major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising in India against the British East India Company's rule.
  This unit explores the effects of industrialization on global trade, economies, and societies, highlighting the rise of imperialism, colonial economies, and resistance movements against foreign domination.

Unit 7: Global Conflict (1900–Present)

Key Concepts:

• World Wars: Two major global conflicts—World War I and World War II—reshaped political boundaries and societies.
  
  

• Revolutions and Ideologies: Economic and political dissatisfaction led to revolutions, such as the Russian Revolution, and the rise of ideologies like communism and fascism.
  
  

• Decolonization: Post-World War II, many colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence through negotiation or conflict.
  
  

Major Events Defined:

• World War I (1914–1918): A global war centered in Europe, triggered by militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.
  
  

• World War II (1939–1945): A global conflict involving most of the world's nations, marked by significant events like the Holocaust and the use of nuclear weapons.
  
  

• Russian Revolution (1917): A revolution that led to the overthrow of the Russian monarchy and the establishment of a communist government.
  
  This unit explores the impact of major global conflicts, revolutions, and the process of decolonization on societies and political structures in the 20th century.

Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization (1945–Present)

Key Concepts:

• Cold War Dynamics: The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, leading to a geopolitical tension known as the Cold War, characterized by ideological competition, arms races, and proxy wars.
  
  

• Decolonization Movements: Colonial subjects pursued independence, leading to the dismantling of empires. Leaders like Gandhi in India and Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana played pivotal roles.
  
  

• Globalization of the Cold War: The superpowers extended their influence into newly independent nations, often supporting opposing sides in regional conflicts to spread their ideologies.
  
  

Major Events Defined:

• Cold War (1947–1991): A period of political tension and military rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, stopping short of direct warfare.
  
  

• Decolonization: The process by which colonies gained independence from colonial powers, often through political negotiations or armed struggle.
  
  

• Non-Aligned Movement: A group of states that remained neutral during the Cold War, not formally aligning with either the US or the Soviet Union.

• This unit examines the geopolitical tensions and conflicts arising from the rivalry between superpowers and the movements for independence post-World War II.

Unit 9: Globalization (1900–Present)

Key Concepts:

• Technological Advances: Innovations in communication and transportation facilitated a more interconnected world. The internet and air travel, for instance, shrank distances and accelerated information exchange.
  
  

• Economic Globalization: The rise of multinational corporations and international trade agreements led to increased economic interdependence among nations.
  
  

• Cultural Exchange and Environmental Impact: Globalization led to the spread of cultures and ideas but also raised concerns about environmental degradation and cultural homogenization.
  
  

Major Events Defined:

• Globalization: The process of increased interconnectedness among countries, especially in terms of economics, politics, and culture.
  
  

• Climate Change: Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, primarily due to human activities like burning fossil fuels.
  
  

• Digital Revolution: The shift from traditional industry to an economy based on information technology, marked by the rise of computers and the internet.The era marked by heightened international connections in trade, culture, and technology, significantly influenced by advances in communication and transportation.