MUSCULOSKELETAL ASSESSMENT

• BONES

• MUSCLES

• JOINTS

3 main areas are being assessed:

Bones

Provide structure, give protection, serve as levers, store calcium, and produce blood cells.

206 bones

A total of _____ make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

compact bone and spongy bone

bones can be divided into two types:

compact bone

hard and dense, and makes up the shaft and outer layers

spongy bone

contains numerous spaces and makes up the ends and centers of the bones

periosteum

covers the bones; it contains osteoblasts and blood vessels that promote nourishment and the formation of new bone tissues.

650 skeletal (voluntary) muscles

The musculoskeletal system is made up of ______, which are under conscious control

fasciculi

long muscle fibers

tendons

skeletal muscles attach to bones by way of strong, fibrous cords called

Abduction

Moving away from midline of the body

Adduction

Moving toward midline of the body

Circumduction

Circular motion

Inversion

Moving inward

Eversion

Moving outward

Extension

Straightening the extremity at the joint and increasing the angle of the joint

Hyperextension

Joint bends greater than 180 degrees

Flexion

Bending the extremity at the joint and decreasing the angle of the joint

Dorsiflexion

Toes draw upward to ankle

Plantar Flexion

Toes point away from ankle

Pronation

Turning or facing downward

Supination

Turning or facing upward

Protraction

Moving Forward

Retraction

Moving Backward

Rotation

Turing of a bone on its own long axis

Internal Rotation

Turning of a bone toward the center of the body

External Rotation

Turing of a bone away from the center of the body

JOINTS

Is the place where two or more bones meet (aka articulations)

Fibrous joints

(e.g., sutures between skull bones), are joined by fibrous connective tissue and are immovable.

Cartilaginous joints

(e.g., joints between vertebrae) are joined by cartilage.

Synovial joints

(e.g., shoulders, wrists, hips, knees, ankles) contain a space between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid, a lubricant that promotes a sliding movement of the ends of the bones.

ligaments

Bones in synovial joints are joined by —-

are strong, dense bands of fibrous connective tissue.

muscle strength, tone, size, and symmetry of muscle development, and for tremors

The nurse usually assesses the musculoskeletal system for

Tremors

is an involuntary trembling of a limb or body

INTENTION TREMOR

RESTING TREMOR

TWO TYPES OF TREMOR

Intention tremor

becomes more apparent when an individual attempts a voluntary movement

Resting Tremor

is more apparent when the client is relaxed and diminishes with activity.

Fasciculation

is an abnormal contraction of a bundle of muscle fibers that appears as a twitch.