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BONES
MUSCLES
JOINTS
3 main areas are being assessed:
Bones
Provide structure, give protection, serve as levers, store calcium, and produce blood cells.
206 bones
A total of _____ make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
compact bone and spongy bone
bones can be divided into two types:
compact bone
hard and dense, and makes up the shaft and outer layers
spongy bone
contains numerous spaces and makes up the ends and centers of the bones
periosteum
covers the bones; it contains osteoblasts and blood vessels that promote nourishment and the formation of new bone tissues.
650 skeletal (voluntary) muscles
The musculoskeletal system is made up of ______, which are under conscious control
fasciculi
long muscle fibers
tendons
skeletal muscles attach to bones by way of strong, fibrous cords called
Abduction
Moving away from midline of the body
Adduction
Moving toward midline of the body
Circumduction
Circular motion
Inversion
Moving inward
Eversion
Moving outward
Extension
Straightening the extremity at the joint and increasing the angle of the joint
Hyperextension
Joint bends greater than 180 degrees
Flexion
Bending the extremity at the joint and decreasing the angle of the joint
Dorsiflexion
Toes draw upward to ankle
Plantar Flexion
Toes point away from ankle
Pronation
Turning or facing downward
Supination
Turning or facing upward
Protraction
Moving Forward
Retraction
Moving Backward
Rotation
Turing of a bone on its own long axis
Internal Rotation
Turning of a bone toward the center of the body
External Rotation
Turing of a bone away from the center of the body
JOINTS
Is the place where two or more bones meet (aka articulations)
Fibrous joints
(e.g., sutures between skull bones), are joined by fibrous connective tissue and are immovable.
Cartilaginous joints
(e.g., joints between vertebrae) are joined by cartilage.
Synovial joints
(e.g., shoulders, wrists, hips, knees, ankles) contain a space between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid, a lubricant that promotes a sliding movement of the ends of the bones.
ligaments
Bones in synovial joints are joined by —-
are strong, dense bands of fibrous connective tissue.
muscle strength, tone, size, and symmetry of muscle development, and for tremors
The nurse usually assesses the musculoskeletal system for
Tremors
is an involuntary trembling of a limb or body
INTENTION TREMOR
RESTING TREMOR
TWO TYPES OF TREMOR
Intention tremor
becomes more apparent when an individual attempts a voluntary movement
Resting Tremor
is more apparent when the client is relaxed and diminishes with activity.
Fasciculation
is an abnormal contraction of a bundle of muscle fibers that appears as a twitch.