History of College Football Exam 2

What were the main civil rights issues in the northern United States during the 1960s?

Housing, employment discrimination, police brutality, and school inequities.

what were the main civil rights issues in the southern US during the 1960s?

Integration and voting rights

What movement in the 1960s encouraged Black individuals to embrace their identity?

The Black Power or Black Consciousness Movement.

What were some aspects that Black individuals were taught to hate about themselves?

Their African heritage, skin color, lip fullness, and nose shape.

Who was Muhammad Ali and what was significant about his role during the civil rights movement?

Muhammad Ali, born Cassius Clay, was an athlete who underwent a political metamorphosis. used his platform to advocate for civil rights

Which prominent athletes were vocal about their responsibilities to the Black community in the 1960s?

Bill Russell, Cassius Clay, Jim Brown, and Louis Alcindor.

What was the impact of the book The Black Athlete: A Shameful Story?

It revealed the struggles of Black athletes, challenging the perception that they had privileged lives.

What significant event occurred at the 1968 Olympics involving Black athletes?

Two athletes performed the Black Power salute on the medal stand.

What demands did Black students make when they began attending universities in the late 1960s?

They demanded Black professors

culturally responsive institutions

Black history courses.

What were some frustrations faced by Black athletes on college campuses in the 1960s?

Restrictions on playing positions

hairstyles

a lack of academic support

felt like they were treated as gladiators (bodies on the line, placeable)

steered toward easy classes and non-challenging majors (takes place in every sport)

not viewed as intellectuals

felt like coaches were focused on eligibility than academic excellence (scrapping by vs thriving)

very few Black coaches, if any, on staff

very few Black professors

Why were people shocked about the demands from the Black athletes?

in America whatever race you're taught to performa and stay off politics

What changes occurred in college football scholarships after athlete protests?

The standard four-year scholarship became a one-year renewable scholarship; 1 year renewable means control over athletes

they began to see the desire for separate facilities by sport

What was the reaction of athletic directors to athlete protests?

They were unsure how to respond due to dependence on athletes' labor and alumni expectations.

What were the demands made by University of Texas athletes in June 2020?

wanted buildings to be renamed (Painter was kept bc it was named after someone fighting for integration, Littlefield is from a slaveowner) and remove James Hogg stature,

replace statures with more diverse statues on campus designed by artists/sculptors of color

more diversity in Hall of Game and rename stadium after the first Black UT football player: Julius Whittier

replace The Eyes of Texas with a new song without racist undertones and lift requirement of athletes to sing it if song is kept (they didn't expect the song to go so that's why they asked to not be required to sing it)

1st Illinois State demand regarding the Black Lives Matter movement?

Required seminars for athletics administration staff on diversity and social justice.

2nd Illinois State demand

commitment to more ppl of color in positions of power and in mental health facilities (ppl who specialize in minority struggles)

3rd Illinois State demand

commitment to more diversity in athletic trainers and student athletic trainers

4th Illinois State demand

make an athletic department plan of action to support the BLM movement and any future social justice movements and share with the public and on social media

How did the Black Power Movement influence Black athletes in the 1960s?

It encouraged them to take pride in their identity and themselves

advocate for social justice.

encourages Black ppl to embrace what they were taught to hate

What role did Black athletes serve in sports during the civil rights movement since 1904

They served as cultural ambassadors, influencing public perception and advocating for change

ex: Jesse Owens

What was the outcome of the debate among Black college professors and students regarding participation in the 1968 Olympics?

They considered a full boycott, deliberately losing, or competing and protesting on the medal stand - that they did by doing the Black Power salute

What was the significance of the 2016 protest during the national anthem by an NFL player?

It reignited discussions about politics in sports and athlete activism.

What were the consequences of the protests by college athletes in 2020?

Increased awareness of racial issues and demands for institutional changes in college athletics.

why do coaches prefer separate facilities?

they can dictate the whole players' day

(began to see coaches deliberately try separate student athletes from student body)

How many national championships did Bear Bryant win between 1961 and 1979?

6 national championships

What cultural representation did Alabama football embody for the South?

It represented the South and became synonymous with Southern identity.

What was the name of Alabama's marching band?

Pride of the South

What was the socio-economic condition of the South during the 1920s-1930s?

The South was poor, backwards, illiterate, not industrialized, very racist, and heavily segregated.

What significant event in 1926 helped improve Alabama's image?

Alabama was invited to the Rose Bowl against Washington.

What was the outcome of the Rose Bowl game for Alabama?

Alabama won, which excited the South and improved their image. Ppl crowded an area where players were too be dropped off after they came back

What did the Alabama president claim about the Rose Bowl victory?

He stated, 'we did it for the Anglo-Saxon race. Alabama upheld traditions of the south.'

What did Alabama football come to represent for the South?

Achievement,

legitimacy

pride

command respect.

What was Bear Bryant's background that made him relatable to his players?

He came from a small rural poor town and connected with country boys.

What was the 'Gentlemen's Agreement' in the context of Alabama football?

It was an agreement that non-integrated schools would not play integrated teams.

What was Bear Bryant's reputation outside of Alabama?

He was seen as a tyrant and a 'slave driver' by some.

How did the Civil Rights movement impact Alabama football?

The movement attacked the South, and football had previously given them a sense of pride.

What was Bear Bryant's stance during the Civil Rights movement?

He remained silent and did not publicly address the issues.

What did Jim Murray's article 'Bedsheets and 'Bama' discuss?

It highlighted the connection between Alabama football and the social context of the Civil Rights movement.

What was the significance of the 1964 national championship for Alabama?

It was a time when Alabama had something in common with other schools until 1969.

What was the impact of the bombing of a church in Birmingham in 1963?

It resulted in the deaths of four little girls and highlighted racial tensions.

What was the reaction of Alabama to JFK's visit to the Oklahoma team?

Alabama felt beaten and took it personally, leading them to integrate their program 10 years later.

What was the role of Southern politicians regarding college football?

They wanted to use college football to boost their state and maintain their way of life.

What was Bear Bryant's coaching philosophy regarding recruitment?

He focused on recruiting players from rural communities and validated their backgrounds.

What was the perception of Alabama football during the 1950s?

It was a symbol of Southern pride and resistance to change.

What did the success of Alabama football allow the South to maintain?

It allowed them to maintain their Southern way of life amidst social changes.

How did the Civil Rights movement affect the perception of Alabama football?

It challenged the previous pride associated with the sport and highlighted racial issues.

What did Bear Bryant's success in football provide for Southerners?

It provided them with dignity and respect through their achievements in sports.

what was Alabama looking for in a new coach?

1) good recruiter 2) know the south 3) someone with a national reputation - they got Bryant

why was Bryant popular?

1) he's a countryside, a small rural poor town so he connects with others

2) he recruits country boys

3) publicly praised the community where he recruited his boys from. He validated them

4) he represents older rural southern values (think Cracker Barrel)

5) he's a symbol of their values, their country with down to earth language and that southern drawl

6) all white teams are a symbol of the segregated south

7) a symbol of southern pride

Other significant thing at Rose Bowl

The game gave Alabama and the south to improve their image- not through mass media marketing campaign, through football

That game was so important in history of college football

Held in Cali

They marketed the game after the Civil War

why didn't white people want to educate Black ppl?

it made Black ppl ambitious and get ideas and less obedient

what did the commissioner of the Big 10 reject and why?

rejected that Campbell wanted 1 unified TV deal to everyone who gets paid a lot because it's about control over conference

conference directors saw that as a threat bc no more competition

what does billionaire Cody Campbell not support?

any legislation that limits the amount of money student athletes can make

how are HBCUs doing today?

very well funded and promoted. lots of white ppl, even Republicans today help fund and promote

why do lots of white ppl and/or Republicans promote HBCUs a lot?

it's to not exactly solve the problem(?), not seen as a threat to social order

Black community's critical institutions

Black church and HBCU - they're bedrocks

how does the Black church work?

typically 40 members with a pastor who's bi-vocational so that means he ministers when he can but also has a job

what kind of line did HBCU presidents have to walk?

a fine one; they can't be seen as educating large groups of ppl or they'd be seen as a threat (- to them white folks)

who's Ralph Waldo Emerson Jones?

president of Grambling State and coached football. bro wore a fancy suit and pipe every day

what did Emerson Jones do at the capital building in Baton Rouge?

he stopped at a friend's house, changed to overalls with dripping tobacco, messy hair, drove a beat up truck, used tobacco and went over there to give the impression that he's dumb and ignorant

he did this to get funds to his school and others

he presented different faces at different places

placeholder title for potential question in test

you can't give the impression that you're educating the students to be competitive, just educate them enough to do work

how did Black students take about HBCUs?

understood what they did in college was bigger than them. they were in school for their community

what did a 1940s study say about going to an HBCU?

1) hey got a deep experience within Black culture (no excuses or explanation it is what it is)

2) fight discrimination

3) students had a raised-centric mission (obligated to use faith/religion to get an education and maintain culture) as those of different religions got infused

4) who's who of Black intellectual ppl (no Black professors until 80s)

5) exposed to Black history courses

6) elevated their confidence and self-esteem

7) critique and strategize about fighting white discrimination and Jim Crow

earliest HBCU football is a living example of what?

cultural self-determination. that's ID

first HBCU

St. Augustine alongside Cheyney University of Pennsylvania (1837)

what did they think about football?

athletic success could change racial attitudes. thought athletic success could change racial prejudice

conflict of integration

integration of football in Notre Dame, Arkansas, Ole Miss, Florida: change in business model or racial progress?

What role do HBCUs play in the Black community?

HBCUs serve as a symbolic home for Black people and are a community enterprise involving coaches, alumni, students, and culture.

What significant development occurred in HBCU football in 1912?

Black colleges formed their own conferences, such as CIAA, SIAC, and SWAC, establishing rules for uniformity and eligibility.

How did the Black press influence HBCU football?

The Black press acted as a mouthpiece for HBCU football, promoting its popularity, especially in the South where mainstream papers often ignored Black news.

What is the Orange Blossom Classic?

A 3-4 day event associated with Florida A&M University, highlighting HBCU football culture.

What is the significance of homecoming in HBCU culture?

Homecoming is a major event in HBCU culture, with bands playing a central role in the celebrations.

What disparity exists between Black players and coaches in HBCU football?

While 80% of players on the field are Black, less than 10% of coaching positions are held by Black individuals, reflecting stereotypes about intellectual capacity (Blacks seen as less intellectual).

Who is Coach Eddie Robinson and what is his legacy?

Coach Eddie Robinson of Grambling is regarded as the best Black coach in college football history, sending over 200 players to the NFL and achieving 324 wins.

What strategies did Coach Eddie Robinson implement at Grambling?

He combined strategies from Alonzo Stagg and Knute Rockne, and pioneered the HBCU band, showcasing it at events like the Super Bowl.

hired a sports information director who handles the media and interviews. Wrote 200 stories per week and sent them nationwide

Grambling was on radio stations, particularly Black America on Sunday mornings. Also watch on Sundays

What was the impact of Jackie Robinson's integration of Major League Baseball on HBCUs?

It illustrated the economic empowerment and powerful business structures left behind by Black-owned businesses.

What events had the highest attendance in HBCU football?

Events like the Magic City Classic, Bayou Classic, Florida Classic, State Fair Classic, and Jackson State Home Game had the highest attendance.

How did the quality of stadiums in HBCUs compare to predominantly white schools?

HBCUs emphasized the quality of stadiums rather than their size.

What role did coaches play in the HBCU community?

Coaches acted as mentors and leaders, deeply integrated into the community, beyond just focusing on wins and losses.

What was the significance of the Grambling band?

The Grambling band became a national symbol, performing at major events and gaining recognition for its performances.

How did media coverage change for HBCUs after the Civil Rights movement?

Before the Civil Rights movement, most Southern papers did not cover Black news, leading to a shock among white southerners about Black dissatisfaction with segregation.

What was the role of the sports information director at Grambling?

The sports information director managed media relations, writing 200 stories per week and promoting the program nationwide.

What was the significance of Jackson City and Houston in the context of HBCUs?

Jackson City and Houston served as hubs of Black activity, influencing the culture and community surrounding HBCUs.

What was the impact of HBCU football on Black culture?

HBCU football reinforced cultural identity and community pride among Black individuals, contributing to a sense of belonging.

What were the challenges faced by Black coaches in HBCUs?

Black coaches often struggled to measure success through traditional metrics like wins and losses, facing systemic barriers in recognition.

What does it mean to operate in ambiguity?

It refers to functioning effectively in uncertain situations without clear directions.

Why is adaptability important?

Being adaptable allows individuals to pivot and respond to unexpected changes.

What does it mean to be coachable?

Being open to feedback and willing to learn from others.

How can gaining public experience benefit individuals?

It helps individuals understand different perspectives and live outside their comfort zones.

What is the significance of cultural intelligence?

It involves understanding and relating to people from diverse backgrounds and perspectives.

What was the impact of the 1939 invasion of Poland by Germany?

It marked the beginning of World War II in Europe.

How did college football relate to American culture during WWII?

Debates arose over its importance for morale and as a form of entertainment while many young men were drafted.

What was Karl Marx's view on religion?

He stated that 'religion is the opiate of the masses,' suggesting that college football served a similar role in society. someone put "college football is the opiate of the masses"

What changes occurred in college football during WWII?

College football was suspended from 1942-1945 due to manpower shortages and drafts.

What was the GI Bill and its impact on college education?

It provided veterans with tuition, housing, and food support, significantly increasing college enrollment.

How did WWII affect Black activism?

The war served as a catalyst for Black activism, linking military service to citizenship rights.

basically believed that through service they'd get what they'd wanted

What was the NAACP's role in school integration?

It initiated a 20-year process to integrate schools, starting with professional schools and moving to K-12.

What was the outcome of Brown vs. Board of Education?

It banned segregation in public schools in 1954.

What were the predictions of Black teachers regarding school integration?

1) Black schools get closed down, 2) Black teachers would lose jobs (45,000 lost jobs, backbone of Black middle class), 3) send kids to schools to be taught by teachers who don't understand them, 4) teaching as a profession will no longer be popular among black ppl -all these things came true

What was the Citizens Council of America?

An organization formed to resist the integration mandated by Brown v. Board of Education.