APUSH - Chapter 13, 14, 15

Second American Revolution

Term used by historians to refer to the Civil War and all the profound, fundamental changes that came with it

Border states

Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky; slaveholding states that remained with the Union and did not secede

Confederate States of America

President Jefferson Davis and VP Alexander H. Stephens; Constitution provided 6-year term, gave president item veto, denied Congress powers to levy protective tariff and appropriation for funds for internal improvement, prohibited foreign slave trade; chronically broke

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy, tried to expand executive power

Alexander H. Stephens

Vice President of the Confederacy, urged secession of Georgia in defense of states’ rights

Greenbacks

Paper currency that the Treasury issued more than $430 million of, contributed to inflation because they could not be redeemed in gold

Morrill Tariff Act (1861)

Raised tariff rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers; initiated Republican program of of high protective tariffs to help industrialists

Morrill Land Grand Act (1961)

Encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges

Pacific Railway Act (1862)

Authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories with the eastern states

Homestead Act (1862)

Promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to anyone that farmed that land for 5+ years

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in Charleston (SC had seceded from the Union); Lincoln sent food provisions, SC attacked and Sumter was captured; beginning of the war

Bull Run

1. Troops marched from Washington DC to Bull Run Creek (Virginia) to attack Confederate forces; General Thomas Stonewall Jackson counterattacked, win for the “Rebels” (Confederates)

2. Union withdraw, Robert E Lee win

Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson

Confederate general who won major victory at Battle of Bull Run

Winfield Scott

General-in-chief of Union, created three-step strategy for winning war

Anaconda Plan

Use the US Navy to blockade Southern ports, cutting off essential supplies for the Confederacy; part of General Winfield Scott’s three-step plan for the Union

George McClellan

General of Union army in east; army was stopped by Robert E. Lee, forced to retreat; replaced by General John Pope

Robert E. Lee

Confederate General who commanded South’s Eastern forces, forced McClellan to retreat

Antietam

bloodiest single-day battle in American history and a crucial turning point in the Civil War that enabled President Abraham Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

Fredericksburg

Major Union losses under General Ambrose Burnside

Monitor vs. Merrimac

Naval battle that ended in a draw but marked turning point in history for wooden ships being replaced by stronger ironclad ones

Ulysses S. Grant

West Point graduate and Union commander who captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, won major victories for Union and drive down the Mississippi

Shiloh

Extremely bloody battle in Tennessee that resulted in devastating losses for both sides; surprise Confederate attack, Union win

David Farragut

Commanded Union navy, captured New Orleans and completed drive down the Mississippi

Vicksburg

Union victory by General Grant; resulted in Union control of the Mississippi and cut off Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas from the rest of the Confederacy

Gettysburg

Most crucial and bloodiest battle of the war (50,000+ casualties), Union victory, site of Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address

Sherman’s March

Union general who pioneered total war; broke Confederate spirit and destroyed its will to fight on

Appomattox Court House

the site in Virginia where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, ended war

Executive power

Lincoln acted on his own authority without the authorization or approval of Congress; after Fort Sumner, he: called for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the insurrection, authorized war spending, suspended habeas corpus

Insurrection

A violent uprising, revolt, or act of resistance against an established government or civil authority

Habeas corpus

a legal writ that requires authorities to bring a person before a court to determine if their detention is lawful; suspended by Lincoln

Confiscation act

1. Gave government power to seize enemy property used to wage war against US

2. Freed people enslaved by anyone engaged in rebellion against US, and empowered president to used freed slaves in Union army

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation by Lincoln that freed all slaves in states that were in rebellion

13th Amendment

Amendment to Constitution that abolished slavery in the US

Ex Parte Milligan

the site in Virginia where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Union General Ulysses S. Grant

Draft riots

Draft law provoked fierce opposition among poor laborers; a mostly Irish-American mob attacked Blacks and wealthy whites in NYC

Election of 1864

Republican Abraham Lincoln won with VP Andrew Johnson (212-21), but Democrat George McClellan took 45% of popular vote

Copperheads

Opposed war and wanted a negotiated peace; notorious example, Clement L. Vallandigham

Trent Affair

diplomatic crisis that brought the United States and Great Britain close to war; Britain almost sided with Confederacy but Lincoln gave into British demands to release diplomats Mason and Slidell

Alabama

Confederate commerce raider ship that captured over 60 Union vessels

Laird rams

Ships with iron rams; purchased from Britain by Confederacy against Union naval blockade

John Wilkes Booth

Confederate sympathizer who assassinated Lincoln

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

All-Black unit in the Union army created after issuing of Emancipation Proclamation

Women work in fields and factories

Men in the war created a labor vacuum filled by women; operated farms and plantations and worked in factories

Women as military nurses

Women’s roles were expanded outside of the cult of domesticity, played a critical role in the war; nursing field was open to women for the first time

“Freedmen” and “freedwomen”

the four million formerly enslaved people of African descent who were legally liberated during and after the war

Civil Rights Act of 1866

This act declared that all African Americans were U.S. citizens and also attempted to provide a shield against the operation of the Southern states' Black Codes

14th Amendment Ratified in 1868

Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens. Obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S. citizens and provide them with "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law

Equal protection of the laws

Law should apply equally to all people regardless of race or gender so all people get the same treatment under law.

15th amendment

Prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Ratified in 1870.

Credit Mobilier

In the Crédit Mobilier affair, insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress to avoid investigation of the profits that they were making---as high as 348 percent-- from government subsidies for building the transcontinental railroad.

William (Boss) Tweed

New York City politician, arranged schemes that allowed he and his cronies to steal about $200 million dollars from New York. He was eventually sentenced to prison in 1871.

Patronage

Giving jobs and government favors (spoils) to their supporters

Spoilsmen

Those who got jobs and government favors from boss

Thomas Nast

Political cartoonist that exposed Tweed and brought about his arrest and imprisonment in 1871

Horace Greeley

In the presidential election of 1872, both the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats made this newspaper editor their nominee. He lost the election to Ulysses S. Grant, he died just days before the counting of the electoral vote count.

Liberal Republicans

this party advocated civil service reform, an end of railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade.

Panic of 1873

Economic panic caused by over speculation by financiers and over building by industry and railroads. In 1874, President Grant sided with the hard-money bankers who wanted gold backing of the money supply. He vetoed a bill calling for the release of additional greenbacks.

Greenbacks

Name given to paper money issued by the government, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold.

Redeemers

By 1877, these Southern conservatives had taken control of state governments in the South. Their foundation rested on states rights, reduced taxes, reduced social programs, and white supremacy.

Rutherford B. Hayes

He won the presidential election of 1876, which was a highly contested election. He was a Republican governor from Ohio.

Samuel J. Tilden

In the presidential election of 1876, this New York reform governor was the Democrat nominee. He had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars.

Compromise of 1877

This informal deal settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (Democrat). It was agreed that Hayes would become president. In return, he would remove all federal troops from the South and support the building of a Southern transcontinental railroad.

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

In 1863, President Lincoln's proclamation set up a process for political reconstruction, creating state governments in the South so that Unionists were in charge rather than secessionists. It include a full presidential pardon for most Confederates who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the U.S. Constitution, and accepted the emancipation of slaves.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Stated that the president would appoint provisional governments for conquered states until a majority of voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union. It required the abolition of slavery by new state constitutions, only non-Confederates could vote for a new state constitution. President Lincoln refused to sign the bill

Freedmen's Bureau

The bureau acted as an early welfare agency, providing food, shelter, and medical aid for those who were made destitute by the war -- most african americans and homeless whites.

Andrew Johnson

The 17th President of the United States from 1865 to 1869. This Southerner from Tennessee was Lincoln's vice president, and he became president after Lincoln was assassinated. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote.

Presidential Reconstruction

The period following the Civil War from 1865 to 1867, characterized by the efforts of Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson to reintegrate the Southern states back into the Union.

Black Codes

Southern legislatures adopted Black Codes that restricted the rights and movement of former slaves: prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land, placed freemen into a form of semi bondage by forcing them, as "vagrants" and "apprentices" to sign work contracts, prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court.

Congressional Reconstruction

Congress being angry at Johnson's policies led to a second round of reconstruction. Dominated by congress and featured policies that were harsher on Southern whites and more protective of freed African Americans.

Radical Republicans

This was the smaller portion of the Republican party than the moderates. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported various programs that were most beneficial to the newly freed African Americans in the South.

Charles Sumner

The leading Radical Republican in the Senate from Massachusetts. (Caned by Brooks)

Thaddeus Stephens

Reformer who had control of the Republican Party prior to the 1870s. Pennsylvanian. Hoped to revolutionize Southern society through an extended period of military rule in which African Americans would be free to exercise their civil rights, would be educated in schools funded by the federal government, and would receive lands confiscated from the planter class.

Benjamin Wade

Reformer who had control of the Republican Party prior to the 1870s. From Ohio. Endorsed several liberal causes: women's suffrage, rights for labor unions, civil rights for Northern African Americans.

Reconstruction Acts (1867)

Over Johnson's vetoes, Congress Passed three Reconstruction acts in early 1867. Placed south under military occupation. The acts divided the former Confederate states into five military districts, each under the control of the Union army. Increased requirements for gaining readmission into the Union (ex-Confederate states had to ratify the 14th amendment and place its guarantees in the constitution for granting the franchise (right to vote) to all adult men regardless of race).

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

This act prohibited the president from removing a federal official or military commander, without the approval of the Senate. The purpose of the law was purely political, to protect the Radical Republicans in Johnson's cabinet from dismissal.

Edwin Stanton

He was President Andrew Johnson's secretary of war. President Johnson believed the new Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional and he challenged the law, by dismissing him from his position. This led to Johnson's impeachment.

Impeachment

First impeached president was Andrew Johnson-- removed from office. Charged with 11 "high crimes and misdemeanors" by The House.

"Scalawags"

The term for White Republican Southerners who cooperated with and served in Reconstruction governments.

"Carpetbaggers"

The term for Northern newcomers who came to the South during Reconstruction.

Blanche K. Bruce

During the Reconstruction era, he represented Mississippi as a Republican U.S. Senator, from 1875 to 1881. He was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate.

Hiram Revels

one of the first African American to serve in the United States Senate. Hiram Revels helped organize two regiments of colored troops during the Civil War, also serving as chaplain. During the Reconstruction era, this black politician, was elected to the Mississippi senate seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis before the Civil War.

Sharecropping

South's agricultural economy was in turmoil after the war because of the lost labor force. Common form of farming for freed slaves in the South. They received a small plot of land, seed, fertilizer, tools from the landlord who usually took half of the harvest. It evolved into a new form of servitude.

Ku Klux Klan

Southern Whites organized secret societies to intimidate African Americans and White reformers. Founded in 1867 by ex-Confederate general Nathaniel Bedford Forrest. Burned black-owned buildings, flogged and murdered freedmen to keep them from exercising their voting rights

Force Acts (1870, 1871)

These act passed in 1870 and 1871, gave power to federal authorities to stop Ku Klux Klan violence and to protect the civil rights of citizens in the South.

Amnesty Act (1872)

Removed the last of the restrictions on ex-Confederates, except for the top leaders. Consequence: allowed southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state governments.

Manifest Destiny

Popular belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America

Railroads

transportation system that revolutionized the movement of people and goods, playing a crucial role in the nation's industrialization and westward expansion, largest industry in America

Panic of 1857

Prices rose sharply for Midwestern farmers and unemployment in Northern city increased; South was not really affected because cotton prices were still high, made them believe their economy was superior and continued union with Northern economy was not needed

Great American Desert

Arid area between Mississippi Valley and Pacific Coast; emigrants passed over it to reach more inviting lands in the west

Mountain men

Fur traders who were the earliest non-native individuals to open the Far West; provided much of the early information about trails and frontier conditions to later settlers

Overland trails

transportation system that revolutionized the movement of people and goods, playing a crucial role in the nation's industrialization and westward expansion (ex. Oregon Trail)

Mining frontier

the western territories of the United States that were rapidly settled due to the discovery of mineral wealth like gold and silver, beginning with the California Gold Rush

Gold rush

Discovery of gold in California brought tens of thousands of settlers to the western mountains (nationally and internationally); mining towns and camps popped up, greatly increased California’s population - 1/3 of the miners were Chinese

Silver rush

a series of migrations of prospectors to the American West following the discovery of silver (like Gold Rush)

Farming frontier

expansion of American agriculture into the western territories, driven by factors like the availability of new land, new technologies, and the promise of economic opportunity

Federal land grants

a parcel of public land given by the U.S. government to individuals, companies, or institutions for a specific public purpose, such as encouraging settlement, building railroads, or establishing universities; encouraged settlers to move out west

Urban frontier

the rapid growth of Western cities that emerged from a combination of factors like railroad construction, mineral wealth (such as gold and silver), and farming

Oregon territory

a vast, disputed region in the Pacific Northwest, jointly occupied by the U.S. and Great Britain until the Oregon Treaty of 1846 set the boundary at the 49th parallel

John Tyler

Southern Whig worried about growing influence of British in Texas; tried to annex it but Senate denied it

James K. Polk

Democratic U.S. President from Tennessee who favored the annexation of Texas, reoccupation of Oregon, and acquisition of California