AP Psych Test 5

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S.

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

bio-psycho-social model

contemporary perspective that assumes biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

criteria for abnormal behavior

deviance, dysfunction, distress

Deviance

Behavior which differs from what society deems acceptable

Dysfunction

Impaired or abnormal functioning in day-to-day living

distress

Causes emotional or physical pain

DSM-5

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

David Rosenhan

did study in which healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals and diagnoses with schizophrenia; showed that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, the label, even when behavior indicates otherwise, is hard to overcome in a mental health setting

stigma

a negative label that devalues a person and changes her or his self-concept and social identity

Insanity

a legal term describing one's inability to be responsible for one's action due to not being able to differentiate right from wrong

Confidentiality

The act of psychologists no revealing information to lawyer about the mental state of a patient unless he is going to harm himself or others.

paranoid personality disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

schizoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

schizotypal personality disorder

Person has several traits that causes interpersonal problems, including inappropriate affect, paranoid/magical thinking, off beliefs

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration

borderline personality disorder

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

avoidant personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

dependent personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of.

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

dissociative amnesia

Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

dissociative fugue

disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity

depersonalization disorder

dissociative disorder in which individuals feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings

Derealization Disorder

a person experiences a feeling that people or objects in the external world are unreal

dissociative identity disorder

disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body

Schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

positive symptoms

Schizophrenia symptoms: Delusions of reference, delusions of persecution, delusions of grandeur, hallucinations, and catatonia

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Schizophrenia symptoms: Flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, lack of motivation, and word salad.

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

delusions of grandeur

belief that you enjoy greater power and influence than you do

delusions of persecution

the belief that people are out to get you

delusions of reference

the belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual

catatonia

a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate

word salad

Incoherent mixture of words, phrases, and sentences

schizoaffective disorder

Psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and major mood disorder.

neurodevelopmental disorders

neurologically based disorders that are revealed in a clinically significant way during a child's developing years

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

phonological disorder

impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern the sound combinations

Tourette's syndrome

A neurological disorder beginning in childhood that involves stereotypical, repetitive motor movements, twitches, and tics.

neurocognitive disorders

acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse.

Dementia

a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

anxiety disorders

A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and stress.

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

cognitive distortions

Inaccurate and irrational automatic thoughts or ideas that lead to false assumptions and misinterpretations.

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide-open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

Hoarding Disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value

post-traumatic stress disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

somatic symptom disorder

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

conversion disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

illness anxiety disorder

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

body dysmorphic disorder

involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance

depressive disorders

Mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression—an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.

major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

persistent depressive disorder

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depressive disorder

seasonal affective disorder

Disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions.

postpartum depression

a new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

a childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

manic state

a disordered state in which the person becomes hyperactive, talkative, and has a decreased need for sleep; a person in a manic state may engage in activities that are self-destructive or dangerous

depressed state

People do not become miserable or sad, rather, they "choose to depress." One may initially feel saddened after a traumatic event, but to maintain that sadness is to choose to maintain it

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Resistance

In psychoanalysis, the patient's unconscious attempts to block the revelation of repressed memories and conflicts.

Transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

manifest

Storyline of a dream

latent

hidden meaning of a dream

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth.

active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

community psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

exposure therapy

An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response

Desensitization

reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity in response to a stimulus

flooding

a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless

Mary Cover Jones

behaviorism/learning; pioneer in systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned

Joseph Wolpe

Used classical conditioning theory in psychotherapy and introduced Systematic Desensitization and concepts of reciprocal inhibition which he applied to reduce anxiety

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

aversion therapy

treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors

token economies

a behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges

cognitive restructuring

a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

negative triad

In Beck's theory of depression, a person's negative views of the self, the world, and the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with pessimistic assumptions (schemas) and cognitive biases such as selective abstraction.

self-serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

all-or-nothing

the tendency to believe that one's performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure

Overgeneralization

the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat and failure

Filtering

the tendency to only focus on the bad elements and none of the good

Catastrophizing

Dramatically exaggerating the negative consequences of any minor event

Personalizing

Assuming that everything has to do with you somehow

Fallacy of Fairness

Unrealistic expectation that events in your life should be fair

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Reframing

changing the words you use to describe yourself

thought stoppage

getting yourself to stop thinking negatively about yourself

disputing

challenging the negative ways you think about yourself

Aaron Beck

pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression and came up with cognitive distortion.