Hypothesis Testing 2.0

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20 Terms

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Population
All possible cases of some entity that possesses similar characteristics.
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Sample
A subset of a population selected for observation and analysis.
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Sampling Error
The error that occurs when a sample does not represent the entire population.
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Null Hypothesis
The hypothesis of no difference or no relationship between variables.
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Alternative Hypothesis
The hypothesis that proposes a difference or a relationship between variables.
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One-directional Hypothesis
A hypothesis that specifies the direction of a relationship (increase or decrease).
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Two-directional Hypothesis
A hypothesis that does not specify the direction of the relationship and allows for change in either direction.
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Type One Error
Rejecting a null hypothesis that is actually true; often referred to as a false positive.
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Type Two Error
Failing to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false.
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Alpha
The threshold of significance set for a statistical test, commonly at 0.05.
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Power of a Test
The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis.
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Parametric Methods
Statistical methods that assume underlying statistical distributions, often used for interval or ratio data.
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Non-parametric Methods
Statistical methods used when data do not meet the assumptions of parametric tests.
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Simple Random Sampling
A sampling technique where every individual has an equal chance of being selected.
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Stratified Sampling
A sampling method where the population is divided into subgroups and samples are taken from each.
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Convenience Sampling
A non-random sampling method where samples are taken from a group that is easily accessible.
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Levine's Test
A test to determine if the variances of two groups are equal.
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Census
A comprehensive count or survey of the entire population.
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Rejection Region
The area in a statistical distribution where the null hypothesis is rejected.
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Systematic Random Sampling
A sampling method that selects individuals at fixed intervals from a list.