Urinary Disorders in Ruminants

Most common causes of acute kidney injury in ruminants?

Toxic nephropathy

Vasomotor nephropathy

Infectious

Glomerulonephritis/amyloidosis

Mos common causes of toxic nephropathy AKI in ruminants?

Antimicrobials

NSAIDs

Pigment nephropathy

Heavy metals

Vitamin D

Oak

Pigweed

Rodenticides

Ethylene glycol

What is the most common cause of vasomotor nephropathy AKI in ruminants?

Septic mastitis

What is the most common cause of infectious nephropathy AKI in ruminants?

Leptospira interrogans

Most common cause of AKI no matter the species?

acute tubular necrosis

What causes acute tubular necrosis in ruminants?

Vasomotor nephropathy

Antimicrobials

NSAIDs

Metals

Vitamin D

Cholecalciferol rodenticides

Ethylene glycol

What antimicrobials can cause acute tubular necrosis AKI in ruminants?

Tetracyclines

Aminoglycosides

What can cause hemoglobinuria AKI in ruminants?

Post-parturient hemoglobineuira

Copper toxicity

Bacillary hemoglobinuria

Water intoxication

form of AKI seen in older dairy cows 1-4 weeks post-partum associated with low intracellular phosphorous

post-parturient hemoglobinuria

Bacillary hemoglobinuria is caused by what bacteria in ruminants?

Clostridium novyi type D

What can cause myoglobinuria AKI in ruminants?

White muscle disease

Senna occidentalis (wild coffee) ingestion

form of myogobinuric AKI seen mostly in small ruminants due to vitamin E/selenium deficiency

White muscle disease

what ruminants are most susceptible to oak toxicity?

cattle

pathophysiology of oak toxicity?

-oak green leaves or acorns are ingested

-their tannins are hydrolyzed in the rumen which forms gallic acid and pyrogallols

-products are toxic to renal tubules

clinical signs associated with oak toxicity?

Constipation

Melena

Weight loss

Ascites

Hydropericardium

Hydrothorax

necropsy findings associated with oak toxicity?

Ascites

Hydropericardium

Hydrothorax

lab findings associated with oak toxicity?

azotemia

proteinuria

glycosuria

oak toxicity tx?

supportive care

clinical signs of pigweed toxicity appear ? after turnout in cattle and swine

5-10 days

pigweed toxicity clinical signs?

weakness

tremors

ataxia

recumbeny

pigweed toxicity clin path findings ?

azotemia

proteinuria

hyperkalemia

pigweed toxicity necropsy findings?

Perirenal edema

Ascites

Proximal and distal tubule necrosis

pigweed toxicity results in ?% mortality once clinical signs appear

75-100%

What leptospira interrogans serovars are relevant for ruminant species?

Hardjo

Pomona

Grippotyphosa

common history/signalment for leptospira interrogans ?

young animals with exposure to stagnant water

clinical signs of leptospira interrogans ?

Fever

Abortion

Mastitis

Hepatitis

Meningitis

Hemoglobinuria

how is leptospira interrogans diagnosed?

Paired titers

Urine PCR

Fluorescent Ab

Dark field microsocpy

leptospira interrogans tx?

Penicillin

Ampicillin

Ceftiofur

how is leptospira interrogans prevented?

5-way killed whole cell vaccines

general clinical signs of AKI in ruminants?

Oliguria

Polyuria

Anorexia

Diarrhea

Bloat

Muscle weakness

Epistaxis

Ammonia breath

Bitter milk

Clin path associated with AKI?

Azotemia

HypoNa

HypoCl

HypoCa

HyperP

HyperK

Isosthenuria

Proteinuria

treatment for AKI in ruminants?

IV or enteral fluids

inflammatory glomerular disease seen in ruminants characterized by deposition of amyloid A in various organs resulting in severe proteinuria

amyloidosis

acute glomerulonephritis is most commonly seen with what condition of small ruminants?

pregnancy toxemia

chronic glomerulonephritis is a ? disease

immune-mediated

most prominent sign of chronic glomerulonephritis?

proteinuria

contagious pyelonephritis in cattle that is transmitted directly, venereally, and iatrogenically +/- through subclinical carriers

corynebacterium renale

What can cause ascending pyelonephritis?

E. coli

Hematogenous causes of pyelonephritis?

C. pseudotuberculososis

T. pyogenese

Salmonella

Staph aureus

Clinical signs of pyelonephritis?

Colic

Arched back

Treading

Tail swishing

Fever

Depression

Anorexia

Low milk yield

Blood, purulent material or crystals on vulva

How is pyelonephritis diagnosed in ruminants?

-Enlarged painful kidney on rectal palpation

-Leukocytosis

-Elevated fibrinogen and globulins

-Hematuria, proteinuria, bacteriuria, leukocyte casts

-Culture

+/- azotemia

pyelonephritis gram positive tx?

Penicillin > 3 weeks and quarantine infected animals

pyelonephritis gram negative tx?

Penicillin or Ceftiofur > 3 weeks and quarantine infected animals

most likely signalment for ruminant urolithiasis?

young castrated males

What diet can make urolithiasis more likely?

High concentrate, pelleted diet and low water consumption

What are the different types of uroliths seen in ruminants?

Struvite

Calcium phosphate

Calcium carbonate

Silicate

Oxalate

urolith seen in alkaline pH in animals with pelleted diets

calcium phosphate

urolith that precipitate in alkaline pH and are seen in small ruminants on legume diets

calcium carbonate

uroliths most commonly seen in the western US associated with high silica content in grass

silicate

oxalate uroliths are seen in cattle that eat what food?

fescue

oxalate uroliths are seen in sheep that eat what food?

apples

sweet potato

pigweed

clinical signs of urethral obstruction in small ruminants?

Restlessness

Treading

Tail-swishing

Teeth gridning

Vocalization

Stranguria

Rectal prolapse

most common sites of urethral obstruction in small ruminants?

Neck of bladder

Ischial Arch

Sigmoid flexure

Urethral process

clinical sign of urethral rupture due to urolithiasis?

water belly

clinical signs of bladder rupture due to urolithiasis?

Abdominal distension

Anorexia

Colic

How is urolithiasis diagnosed?

Physical exam

History

CBC/chem

UA

U/S

Abdominocentesis

characteristics of abdominal fluid in a patient with urolithiasis?

peritoneal fluid:serum creatinine > 2:1

Temporary method of stabilization for emergency urolithiasis patients?

Temporary urinary diversion

urolithiasis tx?

-Stabilize electrolytes

-IV fluids + address hyperkalemia

-Urethral process amputation

-+/- catheterization

-Surgery

Procedure for urolithiasis tx that temporarily restores patency

urethral process amputation

steps to take after urethral process amputaiton?

catheterize and flush retrograde

Surgical options for urolithiasis tx?

Tube cystotomy

Perineal/ischial urethrostomy

Bladder marsupialization

surgical urolithiasis tx option that is best for the animal's breeding future with a 44% recurrence rate

tube cystotomy

surgical urolithiasis tx option that is considered a salvage procedure and can result in stricture in <1 year

perineal/ischial urethrostomy

Sequelae associated with bladder marsupialization as a surgical tx option for urolithiasis?

Cystitis

Prolapse/eversion

Stricture

Cosmesis

How can urolithiasis be prevented?

Encourage water consumption

Delay castration

Avoid estrogenic growth stimulants

Increase forage

Acidify urine

Ca:P>2:1

Mg<0.2%

Proliferation of what opportunistic bacteria causes ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis ("pizzle rot") ?

Cornebacterium renale

What causes pizzle rot?

High urinary urea/excess protein in diet

Clinical signs of pizzle rot?

Moist ulcers

Dysuria

Vocalization

Weight loss

Treatment for pizzle rot?

Isolation

Reduce protein

Systemic and topical Abx

is pizzle rot contagious?

yes

1 multiple choice option

chronic ingestion of what plant causes enzootic hematuria in several animals, bladder neoplasms, dysuria, pollakiuria, in death in ruminants?

Bracken fern

Acute toxicity by braken fern results in

bone marrow suppression