Phonetics Chapter 3: Anat & Phys

What is the Primary Function of the Respiratory System?

sustain life

What is the Secondary Function of the Respiratory System?

produce speech

Calm Breathing is Roughly __% Inhalation?

40

Calm Breathing is Roughly __% Exhalation?

60

Speech Breathing is Roughly __% Inhalation?

10

Speech Breathing is Roughly __% Exhalation?

90

What System Consists Primarily of the Larynx?

laryngeal

Epiglottis

the cartilage within the larynx that protects the airway during swallowing

Anatomy

the physical structures

Physiology

the functions of the anatomical structures

Phonation Definition

the vibration of the vocal folds during speech production

What is the Function of the Larynx?

creates voiced sound and prevents foreign objects from entering the respiratory system

What is the Bernoulli Principle?

the rapid change in air pressure within the larynx causes the vocal folds to be sucked back together (think driving in between two semis)

__ Sounds are Produced With Phonation

voiced

__ Sounds are Produced Without Phonation

voiceless

Abduction Definition

the vocal folds are apart; this happens during quiet breathing and during the production of voiceless phonemes

Adduction Definition

the vocal folds are together; this happens during voiced phonemes when the vocal folds rapidly abduct and adduct

Fundamental Frequency Definition

the rate of vibration that creates phonation and results in the unique voice

Fundamental Frequency for Females

220- 225

Fundamental Frequency for Males

120- 125

What is the Primary Function of the Supralaryngeal System?

to create a variety of speech sounds with the articulators, the majority of which are within the oral cavity

Laryngopharynx

attaches the pharynx to the larynx

Oropharynx

closest to the oral cavity

Nasopharynx

closest to the nasal cavity

Oral Cavity

mouth from the lips to the oropharynx

Nasal Cavity

the nasal area from the nostrils to the naosopharynx

Articulators

changes the route that air escapes the oral cavity, resulting in distinct phonemes

What is the Primary Purpose of the Lips?

to open and close during several English phonemes

What Supports the Upper Lip?

the upper jaw

What Supports the Lower Lip?

the lower jaw

Mandible

the lower jaw

Maxilla

the upper jaw

What are Labials?

phonemes that are associated with the lips

What are Bilabials?

phonemes that are produced with both lips

Examples of Bilabials

/p, b, m, w/

Teeth (Dentals)

the upper and lower central incisors and the molars

Upper Central Incisors

the top front teeth

What are Labiodentals?

sounds that are formed with a combination of the upper central incisors and the lower lip

Examples of Labiodentals

/f/ and /v/

Lower Central Incisors

the lower front teeth

What are Interdentals?

sounds that are formed with a combination of the lower central incisors and the tongue

Molars

help guide the teeth

Alveolar Ridge

the bony ridge located directly behind your top front teeth

When are Alveolar Phonemes Produced?

when the tongue makes contact with the alveolar ridge

When are Palatal Sounds Produced?

when the tongue is in contact mostly with the palate

What is the Velum?

the softer muscular structure directly behind the hard palate, called the soft palate

What are Velar Phonemes?

phonemes made when the tongue is mostly in contact with the velum

Velopharyngeal Closure

when raised, the velum connects with the back of the pharynx, essentially ‘closing the door’ and not allowing air to escape through the nose

Nasal Sounds

when lowered, the velum ‘door’ is open and allows air into the nasal cavity

Examples of Nasal Sounds

/n, m, ng/

Uvula

the rounded fleshy structure that hangs in the back of the throat

Uvula Sounds

none exist in English, but there are in other languages like French and Arabic

Glottis

refers to the openings of the vocal folds

What are Glottal Phonemes?

phonemes produced when air simply passes through the vocal folds without other contacts

Examples of Glottal Phonemes

/h/

Tongue

composed of muscles and is very active in speech and swallowing

What are Lingual Phonemes?

phonemes that are produced with the tongue

What is the Apex of the Tongue?

the tip

What is the Blade of the Tongue?

the wider part behind the tip

What is the Body of the Tongue?

the part behind the blade

What is the Root of the Tongue?

the back/ bottom, attached to the mandible and pharynx

Resonance Definition

the unique quality associated with each phoneme, as each phoneme is made with a unique vocal tract shape

Quality/ Timbre Definition

the perceptual character of a sound based on its acoustic resonance patterns