Industry, Competitiveness, and ICT Lecture Notes

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering industry definitions, competitiveness strategies, work organization models, work system design, and the application of ICT in various sectors including e-government.

Industry

Economic activities performed by people and organizations in producing goods and services for sale.

Economic Activity

Activities in producing, distributing, or consuming products or services which involve money or the exchange of products or services.

Heavy Industry

A sector that requires much higher capital requirements for a business to set up.

Light Industry

A sector that requires much lower capital requirements for a business to set up.

Domestic Industry

Industries that are located within the borders of a specific country, such as Proton in Malaysia.

Foreign Industry

Sectors that are not located within a country and are considered oversea, such as Microsoft.

Durable Industry

An industry that produces goods intended to last a long time, such as automobile and aviation.

Non-durable Sector

A sector producing goods that usually do not last very long, are perishable, and require immediate consumption, such as food.

Primary Sector

An economic sector including agriculture, mining, and natural resource industries that extracts and provides raw materials.

Secondary Sector

An economic sector covering manufacturing, engineering, and construction that processes raw materials into more valuable products.

Tertiary Sector

The service industry sector involved in the provision of services to businesses and final consumers.

Quaternary Sector

A knowledge-based part of the economy involving intellectual activities such as education, research, and information technology.

Economic Resources

Factors used in producing goods or providing services, divided into human, capital, land, technology, and natural resources.

Competitive Advantage

Factors that allow a company to produce goods or services better or more cheaply than its competitors.

Supply Chain

A network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer.

Supply Chain Management (SCM)

The process of delivering a product from raw material to the consumer, including supply, product, demand, and sales planning.

Porter's Value Chain

A strategic management tool that breaks an organization's activities into five primary and four secondary activities to analyze cost drivers and differentiation.

Inbound Logistics

Primary activities involving the receiving, warehousing, and inventory control of a company's raw materials.

Operations

Primary activities in the value chain that include procedures for converting raw materials into a finished product or service.

Outbound Logistics

Activities associated with distributing a final product to a consumer, including storage and shipping systems.

Marketing and Sales

Activities aimed at informing buyers and convincing consumers to purchase a product or service, such as advertising and pricing.

Service (Primary Activity)

Value chain activities associated with maintaining product performance after sale, such as customer service, repair, and warranty.

Procurement

A secondary activity in the value chain concerning how resources and raw materials are acquired for the business.

Human Resource Management (HRM)

Secondary activities concerned with recruiting, training, developing, motivating, and rewarding the workforce.

Firm Infrastructure

Support systems including general management, planning, finance, accounting, legal, and government affairs.

Technological Development

Activities pertaining to equipment, software, and technical knowledge used to convert inputs into outputs.

Performance Management (PM)

The process of developing people and teams to improve their performance and align individual goals with organizational objectives.

Functional Organization Structure

A structure where people performing similar tasks are grouped together based on specialty, such as finance or IT departments.

Divisional Structure

A structure where workers are grouped into teams based on specific products or projects meeting the needs of certain customer types.

Matrix Structure

A complex structure combining functional and divisional models, where team members have more autonomy and responsibility.

Flat Organizational Structure

A decentralized system where management is eliminated and every employee is their own boss, reducing bureaucracy.

Craft Production

The process of manufacturing by hand, with or without tools, requiring a highly skilled workforce often trained through apprenticeship.

Mass Production

The manufacture of large quantities of standardized products using assembly lines, interchangeable parts, and automation.

Sociotechnical Systems (STS)

An organizational development approach that recognizes and blends the interaction between people (social) and technology (technical).

Knowledge-Driven Work

Work that relies on the ability of individuals to create, obtain, and apply knowledge to produce products or services.

Knowledge Worker

An individual with specialized expertise who solves complex problems and drives innovation, such as architects or engineers.

High Performance Work System (HPWS)

Management practices that attempt to create an organizational environment with greater employee involvement and responsibility.

Digital Workforce

A scalable team of software robots that work alongside human employees to handle repetitive processes.

Microsourcing

The engagement of one individual to undertake a task more cheaply, often serving as an outsourcing provider for small businesses.

Outsourcing

The transfer of management or execution of a business process to an external service provider to reduce costs.

Crowdsourcing

Acquiring inputs from a large number of people concurrently to complete an activity with higher quality.

Work System

A system where humans and/or machines perform processes using information and technology to produce products or services for customers.

Human Systems Integration (HSI)

A multidisciplinary field ensureing human characteristics are considered throughout system development, regarding selection, training, and safety.

Ergonomics

Branch of science aiming to learn about human abilities and limitations to design workspaces and products that fit the people using them.

Human Factors Engineering

The science of applying information on physical and psychological characteristics to the design of devices and systems for human use.

Cognition

The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Technologies providing access to information through telecommunications, including the Internet, cell phones, and wireless networks.

e-Agriculture

The enhancement of agricultural and rural development through the improvement of information and communication processes.

Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

The integration of information technology and factory automation to automate design, manufacturing, and production planning.

Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS)

Systems that allow an organization to quickly produce high-quality, highly specialized designs efficiently.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Integrated business applications that connect operations across a manufacturing business, including finance and HR.

Knowledge Management System (KMS)

A system that stores and retrieves knowledge to improve understanding, collaboration, and process alignment within an organization.

Digital Ecosystem

Interconnected information technology resources comprising companies, people, data, and processes that collaborate through shared platforms.

Silicon Valley Work Model

An innovation cluster model based on the resilient network of start-up and global technology companies in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Competency

The combination of observable and measurable knowledge, skills, abilities, and attributes that contribute to employee performance.

Electronic Government (E-government)

The use of technological communication devices to provide public services directly to citizens and businesses.

e-Administration

Mechanisms that convert traditional paper-based office processes into electronic processes to create a paperless office.

E-Democracy

The use of electronic communications to increase citizen participation in the public decision-making process.

E-Management

The use of IT to improve government management, streamline business processes, and maintain electronic records.