chapter 7 physchology psya02

How are motivation and emotion related?

Motivation is a process that arouses, maintains, and guides behavior toward a goal, while emotion is a brief combination of physical sensations and subjective feelings that prepare an individual for action.

What is the circumplex theory of emotion?

The circumplex theory argues that emotions can be placed along two dimensions: pleasant/unpleasant and high arousal/low arousal, suggesting that some emotions are closer together than others.

What is the difference between a mood and an emotion?

A mood is a more general state than an emotion and lasts longer, whereas emotions are more specific and brief.

What does the James-Lange theory propose about emotions?

The James-Lange theory states that emotion is the result of a sequence of events where a physiological response is followed by the emotional experience.

How does the Cannon-Bard theory differ from the James-Lange theory?

The Cannon-Bard theory argues that emotional experiences and physiological responses happen simultaneously and independently.

What is the role of the amygdala in emotional processing?

The amygdala identifies emotional stimuli, both positive and negative, and initiates responses to these perceptions.

What is the insula's function related to emotions?

The insula plays an important role in our subjective experiences, including many of the physical sensations we associate with emotional feelings.

What is emotional intelligence?

Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify, use, understand, and manage emotions effectively.

What are the two major strategies used in emotion regulation?

The two major strategies are suppression (inhibiting expression) and cognitive reappraisal (modifying the meaningfulness of events).

What is the function of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) regarding feeding?

The LH initiates feeding when fat stores and leptin levels are low, and lesioning the LH leads to starvation.

What effect does leptin have on hunger?

Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that suppresses hunger and signals the brain to reduce appetite when fat stores are adequate.

How do external cues affect hunger?

External cues such as time of day, smell of food, and sights can encourage eating even when the body does not need nutrients.

What is the significance of insulin in hunger regulation?

Insulin helps move circulating glucose from the blood into cells awaiting nutrients; it is connected to glucose levels and hunger signals.

How does the appraisal theory relate to emotions?

Appraisal theory states that individuals who believe they are responsible for a negative outcome will experience different emotions than those who believe others are responsible.

What major emotion does a person feel when encountering a snake, according to the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory?

The person would feel aroused and then label the situation as fear based on the context.

Why do people tend to seek company in stressful situations according to Schachter's experiment?

People find that the company of others reduces stress, especially when expecting painful experiences.

What is the connection between physical sensations and emotions in the facial feedback hypothesis?

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences, meaning that changing facial expressions can alter how we feel.

What is the biological basis of the relationship between emotion and physical reactions?

The autonomic nervous system participates in the general arousal associated with emotional states, controlling activities of glands and organs.

What is intrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in an activity for its own sake, driven by internal rewards like personal satisfaction or interest.

What is extrinsic motivation?

Extrinsic motivation involves performing an activity to achieve an external reward or avoid a negative outcome.

What role does dopamine play in motivation?

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the brain's reward system, influencing motivation and pleasure.

What is the difference between approach and avoidance motivation?

Approach motivation drives individuals to seek positive outcomes, while avoidance motivation is geared towards avoiding negative consequences.

What is self-determination theory?

Self-determination theory posits that people have innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness that drive motivation.

How does goal setting affect motivation?

Goal setting can enhance motivation by providing clear objectives, increasing commitment, and fostering a sense of achievement.

What are the components of emotional intelligence?

Emotional intelligence includes self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills.

How does stress affect motivation?

High levels of stress can reduce motivation and focus, while moderate stress may enhance performance by increasing drive.

What is the difference between positive and negative emotions in motivation?

Positive emotions can enhance motivation by promoting engagement and resilience, while negative emotions can either hinder or direct motivation, depending on the context.

What is the impact of social support on motivation?

Social support can boost motivation by providing encouragement, resources, and a sense of belonging, particularly during difficult times.