HDE 100C exam 1

Exam 1

Adult development

\-Changes that take place within individuals as they progress from emerging adulthood to the end of life.  \n - These developmental changes occur in multiple domains: biological, cognitive, socioemotional.  \n They're influenced by genes and enviornment.

Stability

the important parts of ourselves make up consistent core.  \n - Consistent set of personality traits, preferences, and typical ways of behavior

Change

slow and gradual movement in predictable direction  \n - things that make us different from our younger or older selves.  \n - Parenthood, career change, move far.

External changes

changes that re visiable and apparent to those we encounter  \n - weight loss / gain, hair loss, pregnancy etc.

Internal changes

changes to oursleves that are not immediately shown to the casual observer. \n - falling in/out of love, relationship w others.

Chronological age (CA)

The number of years since the individual's birth

Biological age

\-A person's age in terms of biological health. \n - Lung capacity, blood pressure.

Psychological age

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\- an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age. \n - adapting to enviornment by using memory, intelligenc, coping style etc.

Social age

\-connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt \n - social roles and expectations.

Functional age

\- measure of a person's ability to function effectively in his or her physical and social environment in comparison with others of the same chronological age \n - how wells omeone functions in regards to all this compared to everyone around this age

Sources of adult developmental age

\- normative age graded influences  \n - biology: biological clock  \n - share experiences / culture

Sources of adult developmental age : social clock

\- social expectations vary with cultural and historic time. \n - can lead to ageism due to the typical expectations people have for. certain age groups.

Adulthood normative graded influences

developmental influences closely related to specific historical events in certain culture.

Cohort

group of people from who share common historical expirence at the same stage of life

Generation

A group of people born around the same time \n - shorter in timme.

Cohort influences

\- people who lived in one time period could differ substantially from people who lived in another time period. \n - can influence educationl and job opportunities, nutrition, exposure to toxins, etc.

Non normative or Idiosyncratic events

\- individual variations associacted with diverse enviornmental expirences  \n - - differncess associated w genetics.

Genetics: behavior

\- contribution genes make to behavior.

Genetics and environment

lifelong effects of early childhood environment

Genetics: interactionality view

One's genetic traits determine how one interacts with \n the environment and even the environment itself

Epigenetic inheritance

Genes one receives at conception are modified by subsequent environmental events that occur during the prenatal period and throughout the lifespan

Age Emerging Adulthood

18-24

Age Early Adulthood

25-39

Age Middle Adulthood

40-64

Age Older Adulthood

65-74

Late Adulthood

75+

Longevity

number of years an individual actually lives

What determines Longevity

interplay of bio-genetic and cultural factors in negative or positive ways: e.g., obesity vs. new medicines

Life expectancy

\- A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. \n - demographic projections of length of life

Max life span

the oldest age to which any person lives \n - the biological upper limit of life (mean of \n most long-lived 10% of a given cohort), is approximately 95 years

Max life span: other

age at which oldest known member of a species has died; homo sapiens = 122 years; story of Jeanne Calment

Heritability and longevity

lower than expected \n - males: .26 \n - females: .23

Gene culture interplay

\- genetic variants can lead to greater suceptibility to certain neg enviromental effects

Vulnerable to stress

depression/anxiety

Tendency for obesity

higher heart disease.

why are cohort longevity increasing?

\- medical growth: vaccines, meds. \n - lifestyle change: better diet, exercise.  \n - however, longevity: decline overall.

Mortality

percents of death in a population

Morbidity

prevalence or incidence of disease in a population

Paul Baltes

\- introduced the lifespan approach to HD in 1980s  \n - before much focus was on chilhood

Lifespan Development Psych Concept

Human development is a lifelong process. At every age, various developmental processes are at work

Lifespan Development Psych: Multidirecctionality

We develop in different directions and at different rates. Developmental processes increase and decrease. At one time in life, we can change in some areas and remain stable in others \n - Example: some intellectual ability increase w time, while some decrease w age. 65+ world knowledge increases. somanic memory. However, with working memory; hold in consioius memory and think about them: reduces w age.

Lifespan Development Psych: developmental loss and gain

development is a combination of gains and losses at every age, and we need to learn how to anticipate and adapt to both.

Lifespan Development Psych; plasticity

many aspects of development can be motified

Lifespan Development Psych: historical embeddendness

Development is influenced by historical and cultural conditions.

Lifespan Development Psych: contextualism

Development depends on the interaction of normative age-graded, normative history- graded, and nonnormative influences.

Lifespan Development Psych: multidiscipliary

The study of human development across the lifespan does not belong to psychology alone. It is the territory of many other disciplines, and we can benefit from the contributions of all

Bioecological model

model of development proposed by Bronfenbrenner that points out that we must consider the developing person within the context of multiple environments \n • Five systems \n 1. Microsystem

2\. Exosystem \n 3. Macrosystem

4\. Mesosytem \n 5.Chronosystem

Types of methods: cross sectional

\- data is gathered at one time for groups of participants who represent different age groups \n - These studies can tell us about potential/possible age differences, but do not provide direct information regarding age-related changes

Types of Methods: Cross sectional disadvantage

disadvantage: age and cohort are comfounded: if we compare young adults vs more educated older adults: each belong to different cohort: they have diff expirences. in terms of childhood, education, etc. \n \n - no individual changes over time.

Types of methods: longitudinal studies

data is gathered over a period of time, from the same group of people as they age \n - Same subjects followed over time, thus providng a direct measure of age-related changes.  \n - enables researchers to look at change and stability within individuals.  \n - age and cohort are not confounded

Types of methods: longitudinal studies disadvantages

\- Attrition  \n Results may be limited to the cohort being assessed; confounds age with time of testing (i.e., historical time). \n - results may be limited to the cohort being assessed: cofounds age with time of testing: i.e. historical time.  \n - repreated testing \[practice\] effects; also, measures can become obsolte over historical time.  \n - more expensive, and time consuming than cross sectional study.

Sequential study

series of several longitudinal studies begun at different points in time \n - can analyze age changes and their variations  \n - can seperate the impact of unique cohort experiances from that of moew endouring developmental - age-related patterns can assess cohort versus age effects.

sequential study disadvantage

Complex (esp. statistics), expensive, and time- consuming

Measures: personal interview

structured or open-ended

meausre: survey questionaire

\- survey questions

Measures: standardized tests

personality, intelligence, - tests to measure claim or hypothesis

Measure: observations

video cameras

measures: comupterized real-time behaviors

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\- RT' \n - Eye movement

Measure: FMRI

looks at brain activity

Measure: bio/physiological

\- blood preasure cortisol levels

Analysis: Comparison of Means

\- Done with a 't' or 'F' test:  \n - Comparing means of two age groups or means of same people at different ages, age - related effects

Analysis: correlational analyses:

\- use 'r' tests. \n - Assess whether two sets of scores on same people vary together. \n - Assess whether scores on same measure, for same people, at \n different points in time are stable (or vary). \n - Tells us about relationships, not causality

Analysis: Meta-analysis

\- effect size statistics  \n - combining data from many studies that deal with same research question, and with same research measures

Research Designs: Experimental

1\. Help to explain the cause of the phenomenon \n 2. Most control over situation \n 3. Researcher MANIPULATES the variables \n 4. Only thing that lets a researcher infer causation. \n - and related research design.

descriptive research

\- research methods that involve observing behavior to describe that behavior objectively and systematically \n - research (current state of participants on \n some measure of interest)

Quantitative Research

Research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales. \n - Both experimental and descriptive research involve quantitative data

Qualitative Research

informal research methods, including observation, following social media sites, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques \n - research: research without quantitative data (i.e., "without numbers")

Notes about secondary aging

\- changes during this time period are usually preventable, and if early curable.  \n - usually issues are due to, our behavior, environment, metabolism, and occupation.  \n - usually risk factors are controlled by individual

Morbidity

Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group

short term / acute health issues

affect younger adults more

chronic condition

affect older adults more

mortality rate (death rate)

number of deaths per 1,000 people \n - probability of dying in any one year, increases with age group

ADLs (activities of daily living)

personal daily care tasks, including bathing, skin, nail, and hair care, walking, eating and drinking, mouth care, dressing, transferring, and toileting

IADLs (instrumental activities of daily living)

more complex activities. Laundry, shopping for groceries, using a telephone, cooking, shopping, housekeeping, finances, taking medications, preparing meals, fixing things around the house, lawn care,

disability

the extent to which individual is unable to perform ADLs (activities of daily living) and IADLs (instrumental activities of daily living) \n - chance of disability increases w age.  \n - 34% of working-age adults with \n disabilities are employed \n - a chronic health condition or illness does not translate directly into being disabled; it depends on whether the condition has an impact on their daily lives/activities, such that cannot fully care for themselves

cardiovascular disease

\- A general term for all diseases of the heart and blood vessels. \n - leading cause of death in U.S. (and developed world) for women as well as men; average age \n that men have heart attacks is younger; women can have different or no symptoms \n - risk factors include many that are under our control (e.g., obesity, inactivity, high cholesterol)

cancer

\- any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. \n - second leading cause of death in U.S.; caused by random mutations or epigenetic inheritance; \n recent advances in treatments, including genetically-targeted treatments \n - risk factors include many that are under our control (e.g., obesity, inactivity, unhealthy diet

Diabetes

failure to produce insulin and/or inability of cells to use insulin properly; resulting in high levels \n of blood glucose, but reduction of glucose to tissues/organs \n - 90% of diabetes is Type 2, which is associated with older age, obesity, and inactivity \n - sharp increases in prevalence of diabetes from 1990-2008 (likely due to increases in obesity); leveling off since 2008

Alzheimer’s disease

5th leading cause of death for people 65+ \n - most common type of dementia \n - progressive and irreversible degenerative brain disease \n - early signs typically include memory problems (for recent events/episodes); eventually all aspects of cognition, and then behavior (IADLS, ADLs), are affected \n - brain atrophy (begins in hippocampus and medial temporal cortex); microscopic pathology are senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles \n - the APOE-E4 gene increases risk for AD in older adulthood; there are also several deterministic genes for early-onset AD (it is rare compared to late-onset AD) \n - non-genetic risk factors are the same as for cardiovascular disease, plus traumatic brain injury

Alzheimer's Disease: GENETICS: Deterministic (i.e., causal) . Genes

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\- Chromosome 21 ----- APP gene mutation (early onset) \n - Chromosomes 1 & 14 ----- presenilin gene mutations (early onset)!  \n - involve autosomal dominant inheritance; onset 40-60 years of age

Anxiety disorders

feeling of fear, threat, and dread when no obvious danger present \n - this is the most common type of mental health disorder for adults in U.S.  \n - treatments: psychotherapy, medication

Depressive disorders

\- major depressive disorder is second most common type of mental health disorder for adults in \n U.S. \n - diagnosis: 12 or more weeks with depressed mood & lack of interest/pleasure in anything \n - treatments: medication, psychotherapy

Substance and addictive disorders

use of substances that affect mental fx \n - alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids \n - U.S. is experiencing a drug epidemic with opioid addiction  \n - treatments: medication, therapy, support groups

Treatment issue

only 40% of adults w/mental health disorders seek treatment; of those who seek help, only about 1/3 of them get treatment that is judged to be adequate per professional guidelines

individual difference in health: genetics

can affect response to treatments, as well as likelihood of disease

individual difference in health sex and gender

women live longer, but die from same diseases as men (women get them later in life); women have more chronic diseases and disabilities; biological & environmental explanations

individual difference in health: socioeconomic class

is related to actual health status, use of health services, and health-related behavior

individual difference in health - race and ethnicity

complex issues, many of which intertwined with SES ( social economic status)

individual difference in health: discrimination

a serious problem, regarding both access and treatment for both physical and mental health issues

individual difference in health : Personality and Behavior Patterns:

Type A behavior pattern & coronary heart disease; optimism & lower rates of illness, greater longevity

individual difference in health : developmental origins

environmental factors during the fetal period, infancy, and early childhood, have been shown to have significant effects on adult health

individual difference in health

\- overall lifestyle choices lead to different 

Dementia

\- a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes.

Diagnosis of AD: Definitive

only with autopsy (plaque and tangles quantified in specified tissue samples.

Diagnosis of AD: probable AD

\- Progressive worsening of memory. \n - Deficits in at least two other cognitive function \n - problems with work and/or social functions  \n - cognitive changes are gradual rather than sudden  \n - absence of other medical / brain condition that by itself could be reason for deficits  \n - lab results can rule out other causes: or an support diagnosis.  \n -Impaired IDDLs / ADLs can support AD diagnosis.

Diagnosis of AD: Probable AD+

documented decline over time and/ or carrier of causative gene mutation

Diagnosis of AD: Possible AD+

atypical course or mixed presentation

Diagnosis of AD: possible AD+

evidence of pathophysiology  \n - tau protein w CSF sample; atrophy w MRI

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

\- "pre-AD" stage, in which patients show some cognitive symptoms, but not enough to indicate AD. \n - Most common type of MCI is "amnestic MCI" (episodic memory problems). \n - About 1⁄2 of MCI patients progress to AD within 3-4 years (so, about 15% per year)

Normal Aging: changes in the brain

highly variable: unlike brain development; increased heterogeneity w age.  \n - main characteristic of normal aging brain is cell loss.  \n - However, AD, Lewy Body dementia, etc is not part of normal aging.