History of Psychology, Ch. 6

The birth of the new applied psychology in America

Agreed to perform human subject research on the effects of caffeine for the Coca-Cola Company in 1911. Was one of the earliest studies of psychopharmacology on humans, and the first research undertaken by a psychologist or a major corporation. Also earliest example of a psychologist testifying as an expert scientific witness in a trial. Became active with the Advertising Men's League of NYC by offering a night course on the subject through Columbia Uni. Discovered strong correlations between the testing of coupon ads and sales data from companies. Became in demand for his ability to pretest advertisement effectiveness.

Harry Hollingworth

Reasons for the mental asylum movement in North America.

Cities becoming more densely populated, communities felt threatened by mentally ill individuals

Psychologists who established research labs in mental hospitals in the late 19th century.

Boris Sidis, William Krohn

Founder of the first psychological clinic in 1896. Founded journal The Psychological Clinic in 1907. Developed the clinical method, dealt mainly with children with learning/intellectual disability, but eventually shifted focus to gifted children. Also founded school psychology.

Lightner Witmer

Clinical method in Witmer's psychological clinic.

Team approach involving both physician & social worker, jointly involved in testing/diagnosing the patient and designing/conducting treatment, physician ruled out medical problems, social worker prepared case study of patient's background, consulted with teachers/parents

Experimental psychology first ventured into the business world in the field of _____.

Advertising

Psychologist who attempted to enter the field of advertising by sending businesses questionnaires about their advertising practices. Received very few forms back and then retired from business psychology.

Harlow Gale

First psychologist who worked in business. Founded I/O psychology in America. Published 12 articles on the psychology of advertising in Mahin's Magazine in 1902, composited into one book The Theory of Advertising in 1903.

Walter Dill Scott

Psychologist who wrote important books on industrial psychology and other fields. Published significant book Psychology and Industrial Efficiency in 1913. Promoted psychology as the science of human efficiency: Key to business efficiency was matching the skills/talents of a worker with the job requirements. Created a test used to select competent ship captains. Also wrote the first book on psychology as applied to law in 1908: On the Witness Stand. Studied validity of eyewitness testimony due to memory accuracy. Interested in problem of false confessions, crime prevention, lie detection, and decision processes of jurors. Published on the subject.

Hugo Munsterberg

Psychologist who used film in time-motion studies to analyze components of a job and make recommendations about adjustments to increase efficiency. Wrote The Home-Maker and Her Job in 1927 and Management in the Home in 1954. Famous for designing kitchen layouts/equipment to aid physically disabled people in doing housework. First female member of American Society of Mechanical Engineers and National Academy of Engineering.

Lillian Moller Gilbreth

Reasons for the vocational guidance movement in America during first decade of 20th century.

Expansion in job choices, concerns about school dropouts/juvenile delinquency

Attorney who wrote about three steps to choosing a career wisely: 1) knowledge of yourself, 2) knowledge of occupations, and 3) knowledge of the relationship between the two.

Frank Parsons

Psychologist who designed tests that would match an individual's interests with various jobs to aid in vocational selection.

Edward Strong Jr.

Psychologist who created the Binet-Simon Measuring Scale for Intelligence in 1908. The test correlated positively with school subject performance. Wanted to apply test to intellectually disabled students.

Henry Herbert Goddard

Psychologist who published a new version of the Binet intelligence scale that eventually became known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. Became the leading instrument for intellectual assessment.

Lewis Terman

Developed tests in the 1940s to measure intelligence in children and adults. Popularized the intelligence quotient (IQ).

David Wechsler

Ratio of a child's mental age to their chronological age, to measure a student's intelligence relative to same-age peers. Invented by William Stern.

IQ

Intelligence tests developed by psychologists at the behest of the US government. Was administered to nearly 2 million soldiers and potential recruits.

Army Alpha & Army Beta tests

Controversial Chicago murder case that interested Munsterberg, in which the defendant made a false confession and then retracted it later. Despite Munsterberg's pleas, the defendant was sentenced to death penalty.

Case of Richard Ivens

Reasons that psychologists ventured out of academia to find work for their new science.

Supplement low university salaries, make the world a better place