Quantitative data

Qualitative Research

A research approach that focuses on understanding and interpreting social interactions, gathering small samples through observations and interviews.

Quantitative Research

A research approach that tests hypotheses, assesses cause-and-effect relationships, and makes predictions using large sample sizes and statistical analysis.

Research Design

The framework or strategy that guides the collection and analysis of data in a research study.

Experimental Research Design

A type of research where one or more factors are manipulated while others are kept constant to observe effects on participants.

Correlational Research Design

Research design that describes the strength of the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating any variables.

Internal Validity Threats

Factors that can lead to inaccurate conclusions in research, such as history, maturation, testing effects, and instrumentation.

External Validity Threats

Challenges in generalizing the results of a study to wider populations, often due to specific experimental conditions.

Quasi-Experimental Research Design

A design in which the independent variable is manipulated without random assignment, typically used in natural settings.

Descriptive Research Design

A summary method that presents current thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals related to a specific phenomenon.

Confounding Variable

An external influence that can affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variables in a study.