GEOG 330 Final Exam Terms

Socio-Spatial Dialectic

The interrelationship between social and spatial structures. Space shapes social structures (race, gender, class) and vice versa. It’s a two way process, social relations are created, constituted and limited by space and is therefore part of the social process (Soja).

Ex. The concentration of certain groups of peoples in specific areas can reinforce segregation and inequality. Social Housing in the US

Pre-Industrial City Model

Eurocentric, states that cities are compact and densely populated with an organic street layout and strict social structure. Centers of trade and production focused around markets, governments/religious buildings. The elite were situated at the city centre with artisans and merchants in a surrounding ring within the city walls. Outside the wall was where the outcasts lived, which included non-citizens, travelling merchants, and farmers. Faubourgs, the first suburbs, were located outside the wall and extended into the surrounding farm areas. Medieval Paris follows this model. It had organic street patterns, it was walled, at the center was the Notre-Dame, La Dauphine and other public buildings. Outside the wall there were encampments where the outcasts lived and further out was farmland.

Keno Capitalism

____ a city model based after Los Angeles. A term coined by Dear and Flusty to identify the characteristics of the PostModern City. They found that the Chicago School model no longer represented the ideals of the postmodern city. The postmodern city is illogical, disordered and irrational, whereas the Chicago School’s city model is steeped in rigid structures that clearly denote gender and class relations. This city model defines the city as a centerless, disorganized mosaic of many cities together in one space. A figurehead of the formless nondescript global city.

Ambivalent Urbanism

Ambivalent Urbanism is a design approach that recognizes the complex and multifaceted nature of urban environments. It challenges traditional binary approaches to urban design and acknowledges the constant tension between different urban polarities. These polarities include the contrast between the rural and urban, as well as between modernity and tradition, technology and nature, capitalism and community, and individualism and otherness. Ambivalent Urbanism is characterized by intentionally creating spaces that are both inclusive and exclusive, public and private, in order to accommodate the diverse needs and interests of different groups within the urban context. This approach promotes social interaction and cohesion while recognizing the need for privacy and individuality. Claude Fisher's Ambivalent Images describe the rural-urban polarities in terms of nature, familiarity, community, tradition, art, strangeness, individualism, and change.

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EX. The Garden city

The Flaneur

_____ a depiction of a man in the context of an urban environment who wanders the streets of the city at all hours of the day and night. Someone who observes, who sees all, yet is just another face in the crowd. One who attracts no attention and who’s existence to a person on the street does not warrant another thought. A figure of affluence and modernity, this person’s position is that of privilege.

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Ex. Baudelaire The Crowds

Social Network Theory

Society is composed of a network of social relations at a micro and meso scale. (GRANOVETTER)The strength of your social ties: Close Family= Strong no increase in social capital. Meso scale: mutuals, coworkers, organizations= weaker connections but higher social capital. Meeting new people means creating new opportunities. These relations are imbedded in space and determine the social order of neighborhoods.

Symbolic Economy

Culture becomes the economy, cities focusing on selling ‘products’ to global economies that can be produced locally. City branding. Tourism based economies. (ZUKIN) Aestheticization of space and consumption. Neoliberal policies lead to the privitization of space and homogenization of diversity. I.E. SoHO Loft living

La Derive

The escape from constant and often subconscious consumption by aimlessly wandering. Experiencing the city in an authentic way. Urban Exploration walks. THe process is subtlety influenced by the geography and architecture of the landscape. (GUY DEBORD) Psychogeographic map of Paris

Public Sphere

A space where individuals come together to identify and discuss societal problems. Origination in Ancient Greece with DELIBERATE DEMOCRACY in order to gather under one public opinion (HABERMAS). REPRESENTITIVE PUBLICITY lords represent public opinion, BOURGEOISE property owners represent individual interests, ELITE Media Influence. Rise of the public sphere due to merchant capitalism, public property.

Fiscal Squeeze

a situation where a city's revenue sources are limited due to a decline in property value and a decrease in population while its expenditures continue to increase, leading to a budget deficit. This can result in reduced public services, infrastructure decay, and a decline in the quality of life for residents which leads to increased metropolitan fragmentation.

Entrepreneurial City

____ a departure from the managerial city. The city goes through economic restructuring in an effort to redefine its identity in order to attract the creative class. THis is achieved through public-private partnerships for the sole purpose of investing in the future profitability of the rebranded city. Design to attract investment at the cost of what’s best for the already existing citizens. In order to establish this new creative identity cities rebrand and market themselves as a product through the use of catchphrases and slogans.

Bid-Rent Curve

____ the relationship between proximity to the CBD, costs, and access to the market. Each industry has different needs that determine where their businesses need to be located. COMMERCE, then INDUSTRY, then ELITE LIVING SPACES, wow th working class living near their workplace to cut down on transportation costs. Trade offs between access and cost.

Factorial Ecology

used to measure the relationship that ethnic/ family status has with space and how they interact to create social space. (HOYT) Study of income sectors, showed how high income families move out of the centre to distance themselves from low income populations, which creates radiating sectors from the city centre to the outer regions. Income/ family is concentric, ethnic status is clustered and banded in preestablished areas. Geneva displays this

Natural Areas

geographical spaces that have unique habitats, are physically individual. Limited by natural boundaries and have a distinct social order and homogeneous population

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Ex. Andersons Hobo Bohemia, natural area because all people have same social problems

3 different lens

social organism

natural selection

ecological unit/natural areas

Sectoral Model

The city comprised of sectors, with each sector serving a different use/purpose. Expanding from the CBD more need for different uses =more need for land. Chicago School model for cities. Major growth is around transport lines and industry. Talk about income and living in proximity to industrial areas. (HOYT)

Red-lining

discriminatory practice where racialized/low-income population neighborhoods are deemed “hazardous investments”. Leads to the disinvestment in that particular area, no loans mortgages or insurance given. Areas deemed green, yellow, or red. National Housing Act of 1934 lending discrimination.

Milwaukee ()

Rent-Gap Thesis

Term created by (Neil Smith.) The gap between land value and actual value. When the gap is large enough investors see a potential for profit and shift capital to fill the gap. Capital is reinvested in the city and not the people. Key kickstarter for gentrification. Lower East Side of Manhattan in the 1980’s.

Defensible Space

Oscar Newman, reduced crime through semi-public/semi-private space. Importance of zones of transition between fully public and fully private space.

Segregation

Social Distance

_____ determines the degree of social interaction. Classified spatially by 4 elements:

Segmentation- the greater the social distance the less likely there is social interaction,

Propinquity- the shorter the social distance the more likely there is social interaction,

Aspatial networks- higher mobility of population=less propinquity

segregation- lower mobility more localized networks

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And 3 distances:

Short- marriage partners

Medium - mutuals, colleagues, neighbours

Distant- Relationships that don’t fit in your social world

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Ethnic Enclaves

a geographic area with a high concentration of people from a particular ethnic group. These enclaves often have distinct cultural and social characteristics that set them apart from the surrounding area. They can form naturally as a result of migration patterns or be intentionally created by the group seeking to preserve their cultural identity.

Index of Dissimilarity

a measure used to gauge the level of segregation between two groups in a given area. The extent that two groups are found in equal proportion in all neighbourhoods.

0\.00 = even distribution of two groups,

1\.00= complete segregation

two population proportion of the two groups (explain like stats class)

Proxemics

how humans use and relate to space as a form of cultural expression (EDWARD T. HALL) From the scale of the body to the organization of the built environment. Conveys our interaction with public and private space. Differing levels of ‘territory’ helps us to understand how to use space to communicate non verbally and how culture, alongside individuals, shape these practices. Can help us to communicate more effectively with those around us.

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Sidewalks, metro feet moving.

Designating Image

Kevin Lynch Paths Edges Districts Nodes Landmarks, how we view our surrounding areas and how we move through and about the city. What sticks in your mind when thinking of place.

Neighbouring

The relationships and social interactions that occur between people living in close proximity to one another. See-selection, people with similar interests tend to live in the same neighborhoods. Detached housing allows for semi public spaces for people to interact with with each other while still maintaining private residences. Parks do a similar thing, contributes to the development of homogeneity within neighbours.

Subcultural Urbanism

Claude Fischer, cities create and strengthen subcultures, resulting in social-cultural mosaics. Neighborhood subcultures produced through two primary factors


1. the attraction of large immigrant communities
2. The differentiation of occupational and social functions due to the large size of cities.

Resulting neighborhoods within cities become unique cultural enclaves with their own social norms, traditions and values. Urban environments play a key role in shaping the culture and identity of urban communities