Historical Milestones in Microbiology and Disease Prevention

Flashcards covering key milestones in microbiology, including Pasteur, Buchner, Koch, Hesse, Gram's stain, Ivanovsky, Beijerinck, Prusiner, and pioneers in infection prevention.

What is pasteurization?

Heating liquids just enough to kill most bacteria.

Which field began with Pasteur's use of microorganisms for manufacturing food products?

Industrial microbiology.

What did Eduard Buchner demonstrate about fermentation?

Fermentation does not require living cells; enzymes from lysed yeast can catalyze chemical reactions.

Which field began with Buchner's work?

Biochemistry.

What does the germ theory of disease propose?

Microorganisms can cause disease in humans.

What disease-causing agent did Koch study?

Anthrax (a bacterial disease found in cattle).

What microbiology technique did Koch help establish?

Simple staining techniques.

What was Koch's first photomicrograph of?

Bacteria.

What is the significance of Koch's photograph in diseased tissue?

First photograph of bacteria in diseased tissue.

What method did Koch develop to estimate the number of bacteria in a solution?

Quantitative estimation of bacterial numbers.

What sterilization method did Koch use for growth media?

Steam sterilization.

What culture medium tool did Koch popularize?

Petri dishes.

What type of laboratory technique did Koch help develop for transferring bacteria?

Techniques to transfer bacteria (streaking/aseptic transfer).

What concept about bacteria did Koch help establish?

Bacteria as distinct species.

What did Koch's concept imply about disease causation?

A causative agent is present in a disease.

What did Fancy Hesse contribute to microbiology?

Use of agar as a solid medium to culture bacteria.

What is Gram's Stain used for?

Differentiating bacteria into Gram-positive (purple) and Gram-negative (pink).

What did Dmitri Ivanovsky demonstrate about tobacco mosaic virus?

That sap from a diseased plant remained infectious after filtration, showing a virus-like agent.

Who coined the term 'virus' for the filtered infectious agent?

Martinus Beijerinck.

What did Stanley Prusiner discover?

Prions (infectious proteins).

Who first advocated handwashing to prevent infection?

Ignaz Semmelweis.

Who developed antiseptic surgical technique?

Joseph Lister.

Which nurse is known for advancing nursing and hospital care in relation to infection control?

Florence Nightingale.

Who is associated with early infection control and epidemiology?

John Snow.

Who promoted vaccination in the 18th century?

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Edward Jenner.

Who is credited with the emergence of chemotherapy?

Paul Ehrlich.